Emotion Unit Overview

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EmotionUnit Overview

• Theories of Emotion
• Embodied Emotion
• Expressed Emotion
• Experienced Emotion
• Stress and Health

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to
that section in the presentation.
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Theories of Emotion
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Theories of emotions

• Emotion
• Physiological arousal
• Expressive behavior
• Conscious experience
• Common sense theory

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Theories of emotions

• James-Lange theory

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Theories of emotions

• James-Lange theory

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Theories of emotions

• James-Lange theory

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Theories of emotions

• Cannon-Bard theory

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Theories of emotions

• Cannon-Bard theory

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Theories of emotions

• Two-factor theory
• Also knows as Schachter-Singer Theory

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Theories of emotions

• Two-factor theory
• Schachter-Singer

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Theories of emotions

• Two-factor theory
• Schachter-Singer

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Lets try this out

• You are camping and enjoying a nice picnic lunch.
  All of a sudden a bison jumps out of the woods
  and begins chasing you. Attack caught on tape- 1
  min
• Lets review and write out what would happen in
  the following theories

James Lang Theory-
Cannon Bard Theory-
Two Factor Theory-
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Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

• Autonomic nervous system
• Sympathetic nervous system
• arousing
• Parasympathetic nervous system
• Calming
• Moderate arousal is ideal

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Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
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Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
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Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
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Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions

• Different movie experiment
• Four rooms with four different movies- From
  control center the subjects perspiration, heart
  rate, and breathing were measured
• Movie 1- horror film
• Movie 2- anger provoking film
• Movie 3- film that evokes sexual arousal
• Movie 4- boring film

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What did this study show us?

• Very little difference in the physiological
  response your body has to such different
  emotional and cognitive responses from the
  different film. (Except the boring film)

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Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions

• Differences in brain activity
• Amygdala- higher activity when experiencing fear
• Frontal lobes- more active when experiencing a
  positive mood
• Nucleus accumbens- in left frontal lobe. A neural
  pathway the increases dopamine levels.
  Electrical stimulation in depressed patients has
  shown increased smiles, laughter, and giddy
  euphoria

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Are you lying?

• Polygraph- a machine, commonly used in attempts
  to detect lies, that measure several of the
  physiological responses accompanying emotion
  (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and
  breathing changes).

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Dont call me a liar..

• Polygraphs are not very valid if you think about
  it
• Our physiological arousal is much the same from
  one emotion to another
• Many innocent people have been falsely accused
  because their emotions were heightened when they
  took the polygraph
• Many rape victims fail lie detectors when
  telling the truth about their assailants

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Does it ever work?

• No spy has never been detected by the FBI or CIA
  even though both agencies spend million of
  dollars a year testing their own employees
• The guilty knowledge test works- a person is
  shown photos or given certain information
  specific to a crime scene while on the lie
  detector test.
• This does show change in physiological response
  and can be effective.

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Cognition and EmotionCognition Can Define Emotion

• Spill over effect- emotions can spill over from
  one event to another. Think about the level of
  emotion from a major sports victory to a riot.
• Schachter-Singer experiment- with adrenaline
  shots
• Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it

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Detecting Emotion

• Nonverbal cues are usually enough for most of us
  to detect an emotion but we can often be tricked
  if one does not pay close attention to small
  details
• Lifting the inner part of your eyebrow, which is
  hard to consciously do reveals worry .
• Eyebrows raised and pulled together signal fear
• Lets try something out..

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Which smile is real and which one is fake?
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The smile on the right is real
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Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior.. Which
person is a male or a female?
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The faces are gender neutral

• But. People were more likely to view the face
  on the left as male because it looks more angry

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So what does this mean?

• Your gender interprets how you view others
  emotion
• It is normal to want to empathize with people to
  interpret their emotions and that empathy is
  based on your own gender and biases

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Here is an example

• The following chart comes from a study that
  measured how many facial expressions a viewer
  displayed by watching different films.
• As you will see it shows that women show their
  emotions more easily and guys are harder to read

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See for yourself
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Culture and Emotional Expression Are nonverbal
expressions of emotions universally understood?

• The meaning of gestures varies with culture
• Many of our facial expression displays rules and
  are evident throughout cultures
• Lets take a look at the next slide and see how
  we do

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• From left to right, top to bottom happiness,
  surprise, fear, sadness, anger, disgust

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How does the culture effect how one displays
emotion?

• Cultures that encourage individuality like U.S
  display visible emotions
• In Chinese cultures, which encourage people to
  adjust to others, personal emotions are much less
  visibly displayed

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Lets see how well we do when interpreting others
facial expressions and emotions

• Facial Expression Test
• Reading Faces Test
• I will now pause this clip and want to see if we
  can come up with a consensus on what each of you
  think the emotion is
• What would you do Clip

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Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion
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Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion
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Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion
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Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion
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The Effects of Facial Expressions

• Facial feedback

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Some more examples of the effects of facial
feedback

• One study used Botox injections to paralyze the
  frowning muscles of 10 depressed patients. Two
  months later, 9 out of 10 non frowning patients
  were no longer depressed.
• This study needs more replication to be validated

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The psychology of fear
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What is the function of fear?

• Fear is adaptive. Its an alarm system that
  prepares our body to flee from danger
• man texts into a bear
• Fear can bind groups together
• Fear helps us focus on a problem and rehearse
  coping strategies

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How is fear learned?

• Observational Learning is a major factor
• The Amygdala- Nerves running out of from these
  knots of neural tissue, one on either side of the
  brains center, carry messages that control heart
  rate, sweating, stress hormones and attention
  that rev up in threatening situations

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Amygdala and Fear

• Rabbits learn to react with fear to a tone that
  precedes an impending small shock unless their
  Amygdala is damaged.
• Rats that have their Amygdala deactivated show
  no fear learning
• Humans with damage to the Amygdala can sometimes
  not even experience fear!
• Amygdala and Fear Clips- 7 min (safari)

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Do Something That Scares You

• What is the best way to overcome your fears?
• Do Something That Scares You Article
• What are your thoughts on the article?
• What is one quote that stood out to you?

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Conquering your fear

• Smash Fear- Ask Ted- 16 min
• Consider
• How hard is it to overcome your own fears?
• Why?
• While watching the film please record and create
  a top five advice from overcoming your fear from
  what you learned from the clip.

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Anger
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Anger

• Evoked by events, often times the anger is worst
  the event that caused" it
• Catharsis
• Expressing anger can increase anger
• Can lead to heart disease

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Happiness

• Happiness
• Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
• Well-being

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HappinessThe Short Life of Emotional Ups and
Downs

• Watsons studies

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HappinessWealth and Well-Being
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HappinessWealth and Well-Being
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HappinessTwo Psychological Phenomena Adaptation
and Comparison

• Happiness and Prior Experience
• Adaptation-level phenomenon
• Happiness and others attainments
• Relative deprivation
• Think of upward comparison
• Would be better if we used downward comparison

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Lets look at some research

• European 8-12 year olds with cerebral palsy
  experience normal psychological well being
• Studies show it takes about five weeks after
  being diagnosed with HIV to feel much less
  emotionally distraught
• Is happiness really just a state of mind?
• Do we place to much emphasis on our environments
  role in happiness?

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HappinessPredictors of Happiness
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How to be happier

• Realize that happiness may not come from
  financial success
• Take control of your time
• Act happy
• Get enough sleep
• Give priority to close relationships
• Record your gratitude and count your blessings
• Have a level of spirituality

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Some Research

• Lets take a look at Does Money Buy Happiness?
• Once done Create a top five to do list of being
  happy based on everything you learned today.
  Every piece of advice must be based on the
  information presented not just your opinion
• Optional Assignment- Do an article critique on
  the article. The article and instructions are on
  my website under the Article Critique Link

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Introduction to Stress!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

• Health psychology
• Behavioral medicine

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Stress and Illness

• Stress
• Stress appraisal

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Stress and IllnessThe Stress Response System

• Selyes general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
• Alarm
• Resistance
• exhaustion

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Stress and IllnessGeneral Adaptation Syndrome
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Stress and IllnessGeneral Adaptation Syndrome
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Stress and IllnessGeneral Adaptation Syndrome
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Stress and IllnessGeneral Adaptation Syndrome
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Stress and IllnessStressful Life Events

• Catastrophes
• Significant life changes
• Daily hassles

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Stress and the Heart

• Coronary heart disease
• Type A versus Type B
• Type A
• Type B

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Which one are you?
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Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

• Psychophysiological illnesses
• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
• Lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes
• Stress and AIDS
• Stress and Cancer

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The End
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Definition Slides
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Emotion

• a response of the whole organism, involving (1)
  physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors,
  and (3) conscious experience.

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James-Lange Theory

• the theory that our experience of emotion is
  our awareness of our physiological responses to
  emotion-arousing stimuli.

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Cannon-Bard Theory

• the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus
  simultaneously triggers (1) physiological
  responses and (2) the subjective experience of
  emotion.

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Two-factor Theory

• the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience
  emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and
  (2) cognitively label the arousal.
• This is very similar to Cannon Bard theory except
  this time a cognitive appraisal or thought needs
  to trigger the emotional response

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Polygraph

• a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect
  lies, that measure several of the physiological
  responses accompanying emotion (such as
  perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing
  changes).

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Facial Feedback

• the effect of facial expressions on experienced
  emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or
  happiness intensifies feelings of anger or
  happiness.
• For example The woman was asked to touch the
  golf tees together forcing her to frown.
• When showed scenes of war, sickness, and start
  without the tees a level of sadness was reported.
  
• That level of sadness was increased when the
  scenes were shown with the artificial frown

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Catharsis

• emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis
  maintains that releasing aggressive energy
  (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive
  urges.
• Expressing anger can sometimes calm us down but
  only if the anger is directed against the
  provoker, it is justified, the target is not
  intimidating and little guild is felt afterwards

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Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon

• peoples tendency to be helpful when already in
  a good mood.

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Well-being

• self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with
  life. Used along with measures of objective
  well-being (for example, physical and economic
  indicators) to evaluate peoples quality of life.

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Adaptation-level Phenomenon

• our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of
  lights, of income) relative to a neutral level
  defined by our prior experience.
• We adapt to our current level of achievement or
  happiness, consider it normal, and require
  something better to have another surge of
  happiness
• Consider getting a new t.v (surge), getting a
  raise (surge). Having the surge wear off and
  wanting more

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Relative Deprivation

• the perception that we are worse off relative
  to those with whom we compare ourselves.
• Consider Alex Rodriguez signed a 10 year 275
  million dollar contract. Another player would
  then feel bad about their 20 million dollar
  contract who played the same position

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Behavioral Medicine

• an interdisciplinary field that integrates
  behavior and medical knowledge and applies that
  knowledge to health and disease..
• Health psychology is a branch of behavioral
  medicine

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Health Psychology

• a subfield of psychology that provides
  psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.
• Asks How do our emotions and personality
  influence our risk of disease?
• What attitudes and behaviors help prevent illness
  and promote health and well being?

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Stress

• the process by which we perceive and respond to
  certain events, called stressors, that we
  appraise as threatening or challenging.

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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

• Selyes concept of the bodys adaptive response
  to stress in three phases
• Stage One- Alarm- Mobilize resources- you
  experience an alarm reaction due to the sudden
  activation of your sympathetic nervous system
• Stage Two- Resistance- Cope with stressor- Your
  temperature, blood pressure and respiration
  remain high
• Stage Three- Exhaustion- Reserves depleted- Now
  you are more vulnerable to illness, or even in
  extreme cases collapse or death

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Coronary Heart Disease

• the clogging of the vessels that nourish the
  heart muscle the leading cause of death in North
  America.
• Correlation between prolonged stress and heart
  disease

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Type A

• Friedman and Rosenmans term for competitive,
  hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and
  anger-prone people.

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Type B

• Friedman and Rosenmans term for easygoing,
  relaxed people.

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Psychophysiological Illness

• literally, mind-body illness any
  stress-related physical illness, such as
  hypertension and some headaches.

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

• the study of how psychological, neural, and
  endocrine processes together affect the immune
  system and resulting health.

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Lymphocytes

• the two types of white blood cells that are
  part of the bodys immune system B lymphocytes
  form in the bone marrow and release antibodies
  that fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes
  form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and
  attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign
  substances.