WORLD HISTORY THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE

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WORLD HISTORYTHE HUMAN EXPERIENCE

• CHAPTER ONE(1)
• HUMAN BEGINNINGS

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Major Themes of Ch. One(1)

• Movement Migrations of prehistoric people result
  in there spread throughout the world
• Innovation Early humans produce tools and
  domesticate animals as well as crops.
• Change The earliest civilizations begin with the
  evolution of farming into the construction and
  population of the first cities.

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Section One(1)

• Discovery of Early Humans In Africa

• Objective To find out how have recent
  archeological finds contributed to our
  understanding of human origins.

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• Thanks to research using the best available
  technology, anthropologist have believe they have
  traced their findings of the first humanlike
  creatures to about 4.4 million years ago. These
  remains belong to a group of beings, called
  hominids.

• Thanks to research using the best available
  technology, anthropologist have believe they have
  traced their findings of the first humanlike
  creatures to about 4.4 million years ago. These
  remains belong to a group of beings, called
  hominids.

Some of the found artifacts even include objects
that were shaped by human hands, such as tools,
pots, and beads.
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Dating Early Artifacts

• One big problem with researching findings is
  determining is age.
• To perform such a task, archaeologists,
  anthropologists, and paleontologist use a process
  called radioactive carbon dating.
• Another process they use is the testing of DNA
  to form links between todays people and
  prehistoric ancestors.

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Prehistoric Finds In Africa

• DISCOVERY OF LUCY
• In 1974, the skeleton of a hominid named Lucy,
  was discovered by two scientists, Tom Gray and
  Donald C. Johnson.
• Lucy was thought to be as old as 3.2 million
  years old.
• Lucys skeleton was the most in tact and complete
  skeleton found from her time.

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A THEORY

• No one actually knows for sure when the first
  humans lived but some scholars believe the first
  hominids date back to about 4.4 million years ago.

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INSIDE THE THEORY

• Known as Australopithecus, these hominids stood
  between 3 ½ and 5 feet tall and walked on two
  legs.
• They were nicknamed southern ape
• They had large faces, large teeth, flat noses and
  small brains.

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Groups of Humans

• There are more than one group of hominids, and
  scientist have based all of there names off of
  one Latin root word, homo, meaning human.

• First was Homo Habilis or person with ability.
• Then came Homo Erectus or person who walks
  upright.
• And last was Homo Sapiens or person who
  thinks.

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Homo Habilis

• Lived during the Paleolithic period
• first to manufacture tools

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Homo Erectus

• Were hunter gatherers
• Learned to make fire
• Also learned to cook, keep warm, and scare away
  threatening animals

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Homo Sapiens Sapiens

• Many scientist believe that modern humans, or
  Homo Sapiens Sapiens originated in Africa some
  50,000 years ago.

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Language

• Early humans had no set language, instead they
  communicated using grunts and gestures.

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SECTION TWO(2)THE APPEARANCE OF HOMO SAPIENS
Objective To find out what were the achievements
of the earliest humans.
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THE NEANDERTHALS

• There has been evidence found of Homo Sapiens
  that date back to about 200,000 years ago.
• They are thought to be Neanderthals
• Neanderthals stood about 5 ½ feet tall and were
  very muscular.
  

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THEIR SKILLS

• Were nomadic hunter-gatherers
• Used fire for warmth and the cooking of food

• Created stone knives and spear points
• - created blades of such sort b chipping
  away small pieces of stone from the edges of
  larges stones

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Neanderthal Ways Of life

• Lived in small group of no less than 35 and no
  more than 50
• Huddled together in caves or under the overhangs
  of cliffs

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Cultures And Beliefs

• The Neanderthals practiced medicine and cared for
  their sick and/or elderly. There is some evidence
  that the Neanderthals believed in life after
  death. They are known to have covered dead bodies
  with flowers, bury them in shallow graves, and
  leave food and other tools necessary for living
  in the afterlife.

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Cro-Magnons

• The earliest of them were the Cro-Magnons.
• They were much taller than previous forms of
  humans.
• Though they were more sophisticated, they still
  used many of the forms of survival from previous
  humans.

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Technology

• The Cro-Magnons made a major improvement in their
  techniques for living.

• Made thinner and sharper cutting blades
• Used bones, antler, and ivory to make new and
  more useful tools.

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Accomplishments

• One major technological advance made by the
  Cro-Magnons was the creations of art in the form
  of cave paintings.

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Neolithic Revolution

• The Neolithic Revolution was a period of
  improvement for early humans beings.
• New environments began to blossom all ever the
  world and new ways of living made life a lot
  easier.
• People gradually shifted from hunting and
  gathering food to producing it, making longer
  survival a more common goal.

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Neo. Rev (contd)

• Not only did the Neolithic Revolution take place
  very slowly, but different things happened at
  different times in different parts of the world,
  so no group was experiencing the same advances as
  another group.

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The Dawn Of Agriculture

• Archaeologist have found evidence of agriculture
  in the middle east dating back to as-far-as 8,000
  BC.
• The crops that Neolithic people domesticated
  varied from place to place depending on the
  climate of a particular region.
• Farming made life easier by bringing steady
  supplies of food, which allowed early humans to
  settle longer in one place.

• Soon, nomads began to establish villages, which
  enabled more people to survive.
• This caused a rise in world population.

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Technological Advances

• Farmers of the Neolithic period plowing land
• They soon learned to train oxen to pull plows
  doing the work for them.

• Things That Emerged
• The practice of weaving textiles
• Wheels for transportation
• The hammering of metals (copper, lead, and gold)
  to make weapons and jewelry
• Well-made fur and leather clothing

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Section Three(3)Emergence Of Civilization
Objective To find out what economic, political,
and social changes resulted from the rise of
cities.
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River Valley Civilizations

• Slowly, villages began to form into complex
  societies
• Many civilizations rose from settlements in river
  valleys like that of the Nile and Tigris
• In civilizations, people began to learn trades to
  develop a system of specialized labor

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The Economy Of A Civilization

• Depended on farmers growing a surplus of food

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First Irrigation Systems

• One of the things that allowed farmers to produce
  such vast amounts of food was their irrigation
  system
• These irrigation systems consisted of the human
  transport of water, then ditches and nearby
  rivers, then small canals and simple water
  reservoirs
• To prevent flooding from the Nile River, farmers
  built dams and dikes to control waters that could
  possibly cause mass destruction

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Specialized Labor

• Men and women began to earn livings doing only
  one task instead of many because of the number of
  people in a civilization and because they could
  sell the extra food produced by farmers
• Many people became artisans, jewelers, or metal
  workers

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Cultural Diffusion

• At first, farmers and artisans traded within
  their own community, but soon began traveling to
  nearby areas to exchange goods. Eventually they
  created a specialized class of traders called
  merchants, who began to handle trade routes, thus
  creating the first expeditions.

• Some trade was conducted over land and some over
  water
• People built rafts and boats to travel on rivers
• Before long, rivers and seacoast became filled
  with sailing ships
• Not only goods were exchanged, but so were ideas

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Planning And Leadership

• City residents depended on farmers for food
• Farmers depended on city residents to did
  irrigations and maintain reservoirs

• The first cities needed a way of supervising and
  protecting agriculture and trade
• They instated government officials to oversee the
  collection, storage, and distribution of farming
  supplies because nomadic groups would repeatedly
  raid and pillage farms.
• These officials would also direct labor forces
  needed for large scale construction projects

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• Soon, cities began to hire professional soldiers
  to guard their territory and trade routes
• Now we have a complete civilization
• A government
• an army
• an economy
• and civilians
  to run it

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Levels Of Social Standing

• Archeological evidence proves that ancient cities
  had social classes.
• Buried treasures
• Religious government buildings at the cities
  center
• The further you lived from the citys center, the
  less important you are

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Invention Of Writing

• Much of archeological evidence found is that of
  records kept by priest of wheat, cloth ,
  livestock, and items they may have received as
  religious sacrifice.

• Priest used marks known as pictures, known as
  pictograms
• Then they began to use marks and pictures to
  represent ideas and sound

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• Priestly records listed the individual men and
  women who were heads of households, landowners,
  and merchants.
• Soon, the priest were also recording such
  information as the kings battle victories, along
  with legal codes, medical texts, and observation
  of the stars.

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• Now we have a complete civilization
• A government
• an army
• an economy
• a system of
  communication
• and civilians to run it

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This Presentation Is Broughtto you By Marcus
Seaberry