MODERN ERA: 1750 - 1914

1
MODERN ERA 1750 - 1914

• SOCIAL AND GENDER STRUCTURES

2
GENERALIZED EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Increased Population
• Increased Urbanization
• Increased migration, immigration
• Increased wealth
• Spread of wealth to middle class
• New consumerism
• New roles for women, poor, minorities
• Change in child rearing, childhood
• Rise of a technical, managerial class
• Invention of leisure time, common culture
• Increasing demand for social reform, worker
  rights
• Increased life span, living standard decreased
  death rate
• Emancipation of slaves, serfs

3
WESTERN INDUSTRY FAMILIES

• New social classes created by industrialization
• Captains of industry a new aristocracy of wealth
  
• Middle class managers, accountants, new
  professionals
• Working class unskilled, poorly paid, vulnerable
• Dramatic changes to the industrial family
• Sharp distinction between work and family life
• Worked long hours outside home
• Family members led increasingly separate lives
• Fathers and Sons
• Gained increased stature, responsibility in
  industrial age
• Middle- and upper-class men were sole providers
• Valued self-improvement, discipline, and work
  ethic
• Imposed these values on working-class men
• Workers often resisted work discipline
• Working-class culture bars, sports, gambling,
  outlets away from work
• Mothers and daughters
• Opportunities narrowed by industrialization
• Working women could not bring children to work in
  mines or factories
• Middle-class women expected to care for home and
  children

4
LIMITS TO REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

• Testing the limits of revolutionary ideals
  women's rights
• Enlightenment call for equality not generally
  extended to women
• Women used logic of Locke to argue for women's
  rights
• Mary Astell attacked male dominance in the family
  
• Mary Wollstonecraft women possessed same natural
  rights as men
• Women crucial to revolutionary activities
• French revolution granted women rights of
  education, property, no vote
• Olympe de Gouges's declaration of full
  citizenship for women too radical
• Women made no significant gains in other
  revolutions
• Gained ground in the nineteenth century in United
  States and Europe
• Seneca Falls Declaration of Womens Rights
• Women became involved in abolitionist,
  temperance, reform movements
• Testing the limits of revolutionary ideals
  slavery
• Movements to end slave trade
• Began in 1700s, gained momentum during
  revolutions
• In 1807 British Parliament outlawed slave trade
• US ended it in 1807 other states followed
• Illegal slave trade to Brazil, in Africa,
  internal within US continued
• Movements to abolish slavery difficult because
  of property rights

5
ABOLITION OF SLAVERY

• Process advocated with Enlightenment, Methodism
• Ideas of equality of men becomes widespread
• Philosophes attacked slavery, slave trade
• Methodism, spreading in 18th, 19th centuries
  condemned slavery
• William Wilberforce campaigned to end slavery,
  slave trade all his life
• Process expanded by Revolutions, Womens
  Movements
• Many revolutionaries advocated ending slavery
• Many revolutionary governments abolished slavery
  (France)
• Haitian slave revolt scares American slave
  holders
• Women advocated end to slavery as a corollary to
  gender equality
• Process realized by the British and Americans
• British parliament outlawed slave trade US ended
  slave trade in 1808 (had internal slave trade)
• British, US navies enforce ban hang slavers,
  freed slaves to Sierra Leone (Amistad Mutiny)
• Latin American revolutions abolish slavery during
  revolutions
• British emancipate slaves in 1833 throughout
  their empire
• Civil Wars, Emancipations and Manumissions
• US abolished slavery through Force of Arms, Civil
  War
• Emancipation Proclamation 1863
• 14th, 15th, 16th Amendments of 1866

6
CHANGES IN WESTERN SOCIETY AFTER 1850

• Changes for workers
• Better wages
• Decrease of working hours
• Rise of leisure time
• Increased health, physical risks
• Growth of white collar work force
• Managerial
• Entrepreneurial
• Bureaucratic workers of government
• Secretarial, office workers
• Growth of blue collar work force
• Industrial
• Technical
• Miners
• Decrease in ratio of farmers to whole society
• Technology increased productivity
• Increased productivity lower prices, reduced need
  for farmers
• Farmers began to migrate to cities, industry
  immigrate abroad
• Increased roles for women due to
  industrialization, education

7
AMERICAN MULTI-RACIAL SOCIETIES

• The United States
• By late 19TH century
• United States was a multicultural society
• Dominated by white elites
• Native peoples had been pushed onto reservations
• Dawes Act, 1887 encouraged natives to farm on
  marginal land
• Slaughter of buffalo threatened plains Indians'
  survival
• Children sent to boarding schools, lost native
  language, traditions
• Freed slaves often denied civil rights
• Northern armies forced South to undergo
  Reconstruction
• After Reconstruction, a violent backlash
  overturned reforms
• South segregated blacks denied opportunities,
  political rights
• American women's movement had limited success
• "Declaration of Sentiments" issued by American
  feminists in 1848
• Sought education, employment, and political
  rights
• Migrants
• 25 million Europeans to America from 1840-1914
• Hostile reaction to foreigners from "native-born"
  Americans
• Newcomers concentrated in districts like Little
  Italy and Chinatown

8
NEO-EUROPEAN CONTRASTS

• Neo-Europes
• Defined Settler colonies which came to resemble
  European societies
• In all practical purposes they were part of the
  Western World
• Canada
• Ethnic diversity beyond dominant British and
  French populations
• Significant minority of indigenous people
  displaced by whites
• Blacks
• Free after 1833 but not equal
• Former slaves, some escaped from United States
• Chinese migrants came to goldfields of British
  Columbia, worked on railroad
• Late nineteenth and early twentieth century,
  waves of European migrants
• Expansion into Northwest Territories increased
  British and French conflicts
• Northwest Rebellion
• Led by the métis, descendents of French traders
  and native women
• Conflict between natives, métis, and white
  settlers in west, 1870s and 1880s
• Louis Riel, leader of western métis and
  indigenous peoples
• Riel organized a government and army to protect
  land and trading rights
• Canadian authorities outlawed his government and
  exiled him, 1870s
• In 1885

9
LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETY

• Latin American societies
• Organized by ethnicity and color, legacy of
  colonialism
• European descendants dominate all aspects of
  state, economic, social life
• Europeanization of all aspects, classes,
  activities of society
• Bipolar society
• Male vs. Female
• Elite vs. Masses
• White vs. Colored
• Urban vs. rural
• Castes
• Legally abolished by revolutions but de jure is
  not de facto
• Stigma of color and former status prevented much
  change
• Liberal reforms, Positivism often sacrificed
  legal rights, color for economic wealth, profit
• Large-scale migration in nineteenth century
  brought cultural diversity
• Small number of Chinese in Cuba assimilated
  through intermarriage
• East Indians in Trinidad, Tobago preserved
  cultural traditions
• European migrants made Buenos Aires "the Paris of
  the Americas
• Most cultural diverse society was Brazil with
  Europeans, Blacks, Indians, mixed
• Male domination

10
SOCIETY OUTSIDE OF THE WEST

• Westernization or Modernization?
• Reform often equated with loss of traditional
  rights
• Westernization supported only by small group,
  usually intellectuals
• Modernization often limited only to
  industrialization
• Imperialism
• Ethnic elites often imitated western society
• Nationalism equated with need to preserve
  tradition
• Social Groups
• Conservative Elites
• Europeans left traditional elites in power under
  colonial supervisors
• Older elites become status quo, often unwilling
  to reform
• Middle Class and Intellectual Elites
• Often a new group produced by exposure to
  westerners, industrialization, commerce
• Many expressed their new found force in
  universities, bureaucracy, civil service,
  technocrats
• Often worked with westerners, colonialists to
  become hope for future independence
• Later would form the core of the leaders of the
  anti-colonial revolutions, revolts
• Industrial workers
• Small force outside of Japan but it did become
  influential in some countries
• Peasants and farmers

11
EMPIRES AND SOCIETY

• Imperialism disrupted old social patterns
• Rearranged social hierarchy to suit occupiers
  needs, understandings
• Europeans, Americans always on top of social
  hierarchy, lived in capitals, owned wealth
• Used existing colonial differences to divide
  locals, control colonies
• Colonial boundaries cut across ethnic, tribal
  boundaries further dividing peoples
• Often used minorities including hated ones to
  administer colonies
• Europeans often imported other colonial peoples
  to administer different colonies
• Colonial conflict not uncommon in nineteenth
  century
• Glorious Little Wars were often rebellions,
  resistance to Western encroachment
• Resistance included boycotts, political parties,
  anti-colonial publications
• Conflict among different groups united under
  colonial rule
• Hawaii Locals resented Japanese, Chinese
  immigrants as much as Americans
• South Africa Anti-Apartheid movement began
  amongst Hindu laborers
• "Scientific racism" popular in nineteenth century
  
• Race became the measure of human potential
• Europeans considered superior
• Non-White Europeans were considered inferior and
  needed civilization
• Gobineau divided humanity into 4 main racial
  groups, each with traits
• Social Darwinism "survival of fittest" used to
  justify European domination

12
WOMEN IN SOCIETY

• Active in Revolutions, Change but limited results
  1750-1914
• Women served as auxiliaries to men
• Would not press changes
• Women tended to lack mass support
• From legislators
• From other women
• Female revolutionaries
• Tended to put class interests above gender issues
• Favored social reform, economic relief
• Initially very influential in French Revolution
• Women belief that their place was at home, with
  children
• Restoration of Conservative elite often limited
  any gains by women
• Post-Revolutionary Era Womens Rights
• Industrialization radically altered working
  womens roles publicly and privately
• Women moved into the work force in great numbers
• Women began to earn some money, independence,
  began to organize
• Women often still held responsible for home,
  children, family too
• Political activism, issues resurrected by middle
  class, upper class women
• Learned to publish and to organize promoted
  education

13
CULT OF DOMESTICITY

• Gender and Social Changes produced Industrial,
  Agriculture Revolutions
• Decreased death rate from child birth
• Women tend to have fewer children as more survive
• Death of women in child birth raises live span of
  women over that of men
• First time in history women began to live longer
  than men
• 19TH Century Social Ideal
• Common to West, similar traditions in non-Western
  cultures
• Women were expected to take care of family
• Children, home were more important
• Women expected to have children, look after the
  family
• Public roles of women limited
• Industrial Revolution changes, threatens ideal
• Women acquire a public role
• Women admitted to work force in great numbers
• Acquired purchasing power, influence
• Acquired increased independence from husbands
• Extra income helped family, increased family
  health
• Reality Was
• Female workers not treated same as males

14
WOMEN IMPERIALISM

• European Women and Imperialism
• Much evidence that European women actively
  supported imperialism
• Tended to encourage, support Western ideas of
  racism, morality, domesticity and violence
• Non-Western Women and Their Rights
• Emancipation often meant liberation from older
  traditions, husbands
• Political emancipation, nationalism often took
  first place over womens issues
• Progress was slower abroad than in the west, if
  it came at all
• Emancipation or change often considered too
  radical, western
• Many western men had foreign mistresses, mixed
  families independent of European wife, family
• African Women
• Men often forced to work away from family women
  took over male roles Herding, Farming
• Colonists often needed domestic labor and hired
  African women but little real change
• India
• British outlawed widow burning (sati)
• Many upper class women acquired education,
  publicly visible if husbands were westernized
• China
• Many Western missionaries were women Chinese
  women often became active in missions
• Many elite Chinese women educated abroad married
  westernized husbands (Soong Sisters)
• Japan