Measuring Women in Poverty and Access to Resources

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Measuring Women in Poverty and Access to
Resources The Philippine Experience
Presented by Jessamyn O. Encarnacion
Global Forum on Gender Statistics Rome,
Italy 10-12 December 2007
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Outline of Presentation

1. Introduction
2. Women in Poverty
3. Womens Access to Resources
4. Other NSCB Initiatives
5. Other Efforts of the PSS
6. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index(by sex)

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I. Introduction

• From 2000 to 2003, women accounted for the second
  largest number of poor population (after the
  children)

Magnitude of poor women Poverty Incidence ()
2000 12.2 million 32.3
2003 11.6 million 29.0

• Gender differential still remains as an issue in
  economic participation
• Economic participation - 80 for men versus 50
  for women in 2006
• Employment rate - 74 for men versus 46 for
  women in 2005
• Poses a challenge to the country in achieving
  Goal 3 of the MDGs!

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I. Introduction
About the NSCB

• The Philippine Statistical System is a
  decentralized statistical system
• Many agencies of government generate statistics
• NSO
• Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
• Bureau of Labor Employment Statistics
• BSP
• DENR, DOT, DepED, CHED, DOH, DOST, etc.
• Need for coordinating agency

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I. Introduction
About the NSCB
Executive Order 121 Reorganizing the Philippine
Statistical System and for Other Purposes

• Issued on January 30, 1987
• Created the National Statistical Coordination
  Board (NSCB) as the highest policy-making and
  coordinating body on statistical matters in the
  country

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I. Introduction
About the NSCB
Our Products

• Compiles the National Accounts of the Philippines
• Estimates GDP, GNP
• Generates Official Poverty Statistics
• Poverty Threshold
• Poverty Incidence
• Philippine Statistical Yearbook
• Leading economic index, foreign direct
  investments, etc.
• Satellite accounts for tourism, health, education
• Other economic and social statistics

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I. Introduction
About the NSCB
Our Services

• Coordination services
• Inter-agency concerns
• Survey review system
• Designation of statistics
• Subnational statistical system
• Online statistical service
• Technical services (including data requests and
  advocacy for statistical awareness)
• Administers the NATIONAL STATISTICAL INFORMATION
  CENTER
• http//www.nscb.gov.ph

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II. Women in Poverty
Official Poverty Statistics

• Until 2007, official poverty estimates compiled
  by the NSCB are disaggregated by geographical
  location
• - National
• - Regional
• - Provincial
• Still, one of the demands is poverty statistics
  at lower levels and sectoral disaggregation

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II. Women in Poverty

• Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA
  8425)
• Declared that the State should adopt an
  area-based sectoral and focused intervention to
  poverty alleviation
• Defined the basic sectors as the disadvantaged
  sectors of Philippine society

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II. Women in Poverty
14 Basic Sectors

1. Farmer-peasant
2. Artisanal fisherfolk
3. Workers in the formal sector and migrant workers
4. WOMEN
5. Senior citizens
6. Youth and students
7. Children
8. Urban poor
9. Workers in the informal sectors
10. Indigenous peoples and cultural communities
11. Differently-abled persons
12. Victims of calamities and disasters
13. Cooperatives
14. Non-government organizations

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II. Women in Poverty
Poverty statistics for the basic sectors

• NSCB Resolution No. 11, Series of 2007,
  Approving the Methodology for the Generation of
  Poverty Statistics for the Basic Sectors
• As an off-shoot of the NSCB project funded by the
  UNDP on the Development of Poverty Statistics
  for the Basic Sectors Project

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II. Women in Poverty
Data sources

• 2000 and 2003 Family Income and Expenditures
  Survey (FIES)
• 4th quarter 2000 and 2003 round of the Labor
  Force Survey (LFS) undertaken in January 2004
• 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH)
• 2000 and 2003 Philippine Poverty Statistics

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II. Women in Poverty
Variable Data source
1. Income FIES was used for classifying households as poor or non-poor
2. Sectoral characteristic of the population LFS was used to assign household members into sectors
3. Total population Estimated total population of the sector based on the FIES and LFS. However, for years when the conduct of the CPH and FIES coincide, data from the CPH will be used (e.g., 2000) to estimate the total population for four sectors, namely, women, youth, children, and senior citizen. Otherwise, data from FIES will be used.
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II. Women in Poverty

• Both FIES and LFS follow the Integrated Survey of
  Households (ISH) sampling scheme, making the
  estimation of poverty incidence straightforward.
  For example, the poverty incidence for women is

Number of poor women Poverty incidence
women ----------------------------------
Total number of women
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II. Women in Poverty

• Distribution of the basic sectors

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II. Women in Poverty
Poverty incidence among the eight sectors
Poverty Incidence among the Population (Phils.
2003) 30.0
Highlights

• The poverty incidence for all sectors decreased
  from 2000 to 2003. The Senior Citizens, Fishermen
  and Farmers sectors exhibited the largest
  decreases.

• Three sectors were worse off than the countrys
  poverty incidence among the population of 30.0.
  These are the Children, Farmers and Fishermen
  sectors.

• In terms of magnitude of poor population, the
  Children, Women and Urban Sectors are the
  largest.

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II. Women in Poverty
Poverty incidence by sector and region, 2000
and 2003
Poverty Incidence among Women (Phils. 2003) 29.0
Highlights

• Region VII exhibited the largest decrease in
  poverty incidence while Region IX showed the
  largest increase from 2000 to 2003.

• CAR, ARMM, CARAGA, Regions I, IV-B, V, VI,
  VIII, IX, X, XI and XII were worse off than the
  national poverty incidence for the women sector.
  

• In terms of magnitude of poor women population,
  Regions IV-A, V and VI are the largest.

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II. Women in Poverty

• Summary of findings

1 / Excludes NCR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV
gt 50 percent) 2/ Excludes CAR in 2000 due to high
CV (with CV gt 50 percent)
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III. Womens Access to Resources

• Observed gender inequality in economic
  participation
• Hence, men have greater economic visibility
  and higher contribution to the economy, more
  participation in making economic decisions, and
  more access to credit
• Economic undercount of women thus puts them in a
  situation that can perpetuate, if not outright
  worsen the inequity between men and women
• Need for information on womens and mens
  contribution to the economy

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III. Womens Access to Resources

• Efforts on the generation of satellite accounts
• a. Measuring The Contribution of Women To The
  
• Philippine Economy by Romulo A. Virola and
  Sylvia M. de Perio (1998)
• b. Womens Contribution To The Economy by
  Romulo
• A. Virola (1999)
• c. Do Women Contribute Less Than Men to Nation
  Building by Romulo A. Virola, Jessamyn
  O. Encarnacion, Armyl G. Zaguirre,
  Raymond S. Perez (2007)

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III. Womens Access to Resources

• Taking off from the methodology used by Virola
  and de Perio in 1998
• Using updated parameters from the results of the
  2000 TUS.

a/ Used in the 1998 study of Virola and de
Perio b/ Used in this study c/ Details of the
original were 1) rescaled to add up to 24
hours (1 day) and 2) weighted using urban (for
Quezon City) and rural (for Batangas) population
as weights.
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III. Womens Access to Resources

• Unpaid work adds 66.2 percent to GDP!

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III. Womens Access to Resources

• Womens share to GDP increased by 8 percentage
  points!

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III. Womens Access to Resources

• Women account for 59.6 percent of the total hours
  of unpaid work!

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III. Womens Access to Resources

• Women not in the labor force account for more
  than half of the total value of unpaid work of
  women!

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III. Womens Access to Resources

• Other findings of the study
• Women accounted for only 27.4 percent of the
  total Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)
• Women contributed 46.2 percent of the adjusted
  Gross National Product (GNP) from 38.0 percent
  when unpaid work was not included

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IV. Other NSCB Initiatives
Core GAD Indicators Data Framework
? contains the key macroeconomic impact
indicators needed to monitor and assess the state
of gender and development in the country
? serves as reference for government and
non-government organizations in the formulation
of indicators for monitoring and assessment of
outputs and impact of their GAD activities
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IV. Other NSCB Initiatives
Core GAD Indicators Data Framework

• the 20 core GAD indicators cover the PFA areas of
  concern
• education and training
• economy
• health
• poverty
• institutional mechanism
• media
• power and decision-making
• environment
• violence against women
• girl child
• armed conflict and
• human rights

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IV. Other NSCB Initiatives
The Philippine Statistical Handbook on Women and
Men

• compilation of latest available statistics
  highlighting the differences between women and
  men
• focuses on the situation of women relative to men
  in the ff areas

• Population and Families
• Work
• Economic Participation
• Agriculture
• Education
• Health and Nutrition
• Social Welfare

• 8. Public Life
• 9. Migration
• 10. Peace and Human Rights
• Violence Against Women and Children
• Environment
• Millennium Development Goal

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IV. Other NSCB Initiatives
Coordination mechanisms
? creation of the Interagency Committee (IAC)
on Gender Statistics to serve as a strategic
mechanism to sustain the efforts and initiatives
in the generation and improvement of gender
statistics and institutionalize the
implementation of the GAD
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V. Other Efforts of the PSS
National Demographic and Health Survey

• Conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO)
  every five years
• Designed to provide information on population,
  family planning, and health to assist
  policymakers and program managers in evaluating
  and designing strategies for improving health and
  family planning services in the country

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V. Other Efforts of the PSS
Statistical Tables in the NDHS

• Household population and housing
  characteristics
• Characteristics of respondents and womens
  status
• Fertility
• Family planning
• Determinants of fertility
• Fertility preferences
• Infant and child Mortality
• Maternal and child health
• Infant feeding and supplementation
• HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted
  infections
• Tuberculosis
• General health

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V. Other Efforts of the PSS
Latest improvements in the 2003 NDHS

• Distribution of women employed in the twelve
  months preceding the survey receiving cash
  earnings by person who decides how earnings are
  to be used by marital status, educational
  attainment, age group
• Distribution of women who say that they alone
  or jointly have the final say in specific
  decisions, by age group by number of living
  children
• Distribution of women by person who has the final
  say in making specific decisions, according to
  current marital status and type of decision

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V. Other Efforts of the PSS
Latest improvements in the 2003 NDHS

• Percentage of women who agree that a husband
  is justified in hitting or beating his wife and
  percentage of women who believe that a wife is
  justified in refusing sex with her husband for
  specific reasons

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V. Other Efforts of the PSS
Maternal and Child Health Survey

• Presents data on prenatal and postpartum care,
  protection at birth against neonatal tetanus,
  breastfeeding, and immunization
• conducted annually by the National Statistics
  Office (NSO) except when years when the NDHS is
  conducted
• It involved interviewing all female members
  aged 15 to 49 years in the sample households in
  the Labor Force Survey (LFS), who have surviving
  children below three years of age

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V. Other Efforts of the PSS
Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey

• provides information on dating, marriage, and
  the onset of sexual activity in the Philippines
• conducted by the University of the Philippines
  Population Institute

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Digression
VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Measuring Progress of Philippine Society Gross
National Product or Gross National Happiness
by Romulo A. Virola and Jessamyn O. Encarnacion
Presented during the 10th National Convention on
Statistics EDSA Shangri-la Plaza Hotel,
Mandaluyong City, Philippines 1-2 October 2007
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Digression
VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index

• WHY DO WE WORK?
• WOULD WE RATHER BE RICH OR WOULD WE RATHER BE
  HAPPY?
• WHAT DO WE REALLY WANT IN LIFE?
• HOW DO WE MEASURE PROGRESS?
• SHOULD MEASURES OF NATIONAL PROGRESS CAPTURE
  OUR OWN PERSONAL PROGRESS?

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VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
Phil. Gross National Happiness Index (PGNHI)
Philippine Gross National Happiness Index (PGNHI)
Philippine Happiness Index (PHI)
Philippine Economic Index (PEI)
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VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
Community participation volunteer work
1. Conceptual Framework
Religion and spiritual work
Cultural activities
Sex life
HI1
Education
Technological know-how
HI2
Family
Work
Friends
Philippine Happiness Index
Economy
Health
Environment
Income and financial security
Government
HI n
Leisure and sports
Politics
Note From 14 (during the pilot) to 17 domains
Others
Love life
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VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression

• Pilot survey ( nonrandom)
• Private company employees
• Government office employees
• Participants in the National Convention on
  Statistics
• Students in a private university
• Participants in the 48th ASP Convention

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VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
   RESPONDENTS FIND FAMILY, HEALTH AND RELIGION
AS MOST IMPORTANT DOMAINS OF HAPPINESS, POLITICS
AS THE LEAST!
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VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index

• RESPONDENTS ARE HAPPIEST WITH FAMILY, FRIENDS,
  RELIGION, AND LOVE LIFE LEAST HAPPY WITH
  POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND ECONOMY!
• LOVE IS AN IMPORTANT DIMENSION FOR PINOYS!

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VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
   RESPONDENTS FIND INCOME VERY IMPORTANT BUT
HAPPINESS DERIVED FROM IT IS LOW!
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VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
   RESPONDENTS FIND SEX LIFE NOT IMPORTANT BUT
HAPPINESS DERIVED FROM IT IS HIGH!
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VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
   BOTH MEN AND WOMEN FIND FAMILY AND FRIENDS
AS MOST IMPORTANT DOMAINS AND SOURCES OF
HAPPINESS, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT AND
POLITICS AS THE LEAST!
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VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
   WOMEN FIND LOVE IMPORTANT BUT NOT SEX WHILE
MEN FIND BOTH LOVE SEX IMPORTANT - THERE IS A
MISMATCH !
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VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
   WOMEN ARE HAPPIER WITH SEX THAN MEN!
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VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Based on a single question, WOMEN ARE HAPPIER
THAN MEN! women 75.73 men 63.11
Deriving index from all domains of happiness,
MEN ARE JUST AS HAPPY AS WOMEN! women 67.07
men 67.45
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Thank you!
visit www. nscb.gov.ph email
jo.encarnacion_at_nscb.gov.ph info_at_nscb.gov.ph