IBDP: Paper 1 Review

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IBDP Paper 1 Review

• Peacemaking, Peacekeeping International
  Relations 1918-1936

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Information!

• I need to know which AP Exams you are taking
• I need to know if you are going to take the Final
  Exam in this class
• Have you figured out what (A) days you will be in
  school in May ???

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Timeline

• 1918 World War I Armistice
• 1919 Paris Peace Conference
• Treaty of Versailles (Germany)
• Treaty of St Germain (Austria)
• Treaty of Neuilly (Bulgaria)
• 1920 Treaty of Trianon (Hungary)
• Treaty of Sevres (Turkey)
• 1st meeting of the League of Nations

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Timeline

• Dont forget the Weimar Republic (1919-1933)
• First federal parliamentary democratic govt
  proclaimed in GER
• Weimar Constitution made all men women 20
  eligible to vote
• Faced many internal intl crises
• Ended in 1933 w appt of Hitler as Chancellor
  subsequent passing of the Enabling Act
• 1921-1922 Washington Naval Conference
• 1922 Mussolini becomes Prime Minister of ITA
• Treaty of Rapallo btw GER RUS
• 1923 Treaty of Lausanne (revised Tr of Sevres)

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Timeline

• 1924 Dawes Plan
• 1925 Locarno Treaties
• 1926 GER admitted into the LoN
• 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact
• 1929 Young Plan
• Wall Street Crash
• 1930 London Conference
• 1931 JAP invades Manchuria (CHI)
• 1932 Geneva Disarmament Conference

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Timeline

• 1933 Hitler is appointed Chancellor of GER
• JAP withdraws from the LoN
• GER withdraws from Disarmament
  Conf
• LoN
• 1934 The USSR admitted into the LoN
• 1935 Stresa Conference
• Anglo-GER Naval Agreement
• Mussolini invades Abyssinia
• 1936 GER remilitarizes the Rhineland

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WWI (remember causes MAIN)

• Central Powers
• GER, AUS-HGR, BUL, TUR
• Entente Powers (Allies)
• GBR, FRA, RUS, later ITA, USA
• Treaty of London (1915)
• Secret pact signed in April between ITA the
  Triple Entente which brought ITA into WWI in
  exchange for the promise for extensive
  territorial gains

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The Treaties ending WWI

• Five total treaties were signed after WWI, the
  most famous with GER (Treaty of Versailles)
• However, an additional four were signed with the
  other belligerents
• Treaty of St Germain w AUS (1919)
• Treaty of Trianon w HGRY (1920)
• Treaty of Neuilly w BUL (1919)
• Treaty of Sevres w TUR (1920) , later revised by
  the Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

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The Treaties ending WWI

• These treaties used the Treaty of Versailles w
  GER as a template
• All four defeated countries were to disarm, pay
  reparations, and lose territory
• New nations were set up
• REMEMBER the before after maps of EUR!
• Alsace Lorraine back to FRA
• Rhineland demilitarized Saarland under League
  for 15 yrs
• Poland Czechoslovakia
• Free city of Danzig Yugoslavia
• AUS HGRY split Serbia

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Wilson and the Fourteen Points

• The Big Three President Wilson (USA), Premier
  Clemenceau (FRA), Prime Minister Lloyd George
  (GBR)
• Big Four addition of Prime Minister Orlando
  (ITA)
• Wilsons Fourteen Points aimed at eliminating the
  causes of war
• Proposed a new political intl world order
• Open diplomacy, world disarmament, economic
  integration
• League of Nations

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League of Nations (1920)

• Main aims were to promote international
  cooperation and to achieve international peace
  security
• Collective security idea that an organization
  of sovereign states would guarantee to take joint
  action if defense of one another against acts of
  aggression
• Use moral persuasion, economic sanctions and then
  military force (relying on member nations
  armies)
• 42 countries joined by July 1920, but notable
  exceptions were US, GER, RUS (USSR)
• Notable quitters were JAP (1933), GER (1933),
  ITA (1937)

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Wilson and the Fourteen Points

• Why did it fail?
• Proposal for free trade, end of imperialism,
  adoption of open diplomacy and League of Nations
  clashed with the realist approach of those who
  wanted to ensure their countries were well
  prepared for the possibility of another war
• FRA wanted to be protected from future GER
  aggression
• GBR wanted to avoid GER feelings for revenge and
  was worried about Bolshevism in Russia

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Wilson and the Fourteen Points

• Why did it fail?
• ITA wanted territory to help recover economically
  from the war (suffering political problems and
  social unrest)
• There was little sympathy from the Big Three for
  ITA partly due to their association with GER at
  onset of WWI and their contribution to the war
  was seen as small
• ITA was upset that the terms of the Treaty of
  London would not be honored treatment as a
  lesser power

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Mandates

• Wilsons Point Five addressed colonialism/imperial
  ism
• It acknowledged that colonialism had been a major
  cause in the outbreak of WWI
• Given that distributing the colonies of the
  defeated nations among the victors would have
  gone against Point Five, it was decided that the
  territories were to be put under a mandate system
  of intl administration supervised by the League
  of Nations
• Mandatory nations had a responsibility for the
  well-being of those living in the mandated
  territories
• GBR, FRA, South AFR, NZLD, AUS, JAP, BELG
• Was the mandate system imperialism in disguise?

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Washington Naval Agreements (1921-22)

• After WWI, the US embarked on a policy of
  isolationism in international relations
• Wilson was never able to ratify the Treaty of
  Versailles and the Covenant of the League of
  Nations (US signed a separate peace w GER)
• Despite isolationism, Pres Harding convened the
  WNA to discuss naval disarmament and developments
  in the Far East
• Attended by USA, GBR, FRA, JAP, ITA, BELG, the
  Netherlands, POR, CHI

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Washington Naval Agreements (1921-22)

• To what extent were the Washington Naval
  Agreements successful?
• Was a first step toward application of
  disarmament at an international level
• Limited use of submarines in war banned use of
  poison gas in warfare
• Did not prevent crises like JAP invasion of
  Manchuria
• Relative success due to small number of nations

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Ruhr Crisis (1923)

• After GER failed to pay the reparations to FR, in
  Dec 1922 the FR invaded the industrial area of
  GER called the Ruhr Valley, adjacent to the
  Rhineland, to ensure payments in kind as
  allowed by the Treaty of Versailles
• GER responded with work stoppage general labor
  strikes, halting industrial production
• The FR responded w a blockade in the area
• This passive resistance and shortage of coal
  exports put the GER economy under serious
  pressure, leading to hyperinflation of GER

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Results of the Ruhr Crisis

• Further social political unrest in GER
• Worsened economy of GER through hyperinflationary
  economic policy
• Made FR seem unreasonable and not capable of
  keeping EUR stable
• Worsened FR economy due to cost of maintaining
  occupation of Ruhr Valley
• Made clear that a review of GER reparations was
  necessary

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Dawes Plan (1924) Young Plan (1929)

• The Dawes Plan presented a new schedule for the
  payment of reparations discussed the withdrawal
  of FR troops in the Ruhr
• GER reparation figures were not altered, but the
  annual payments were reduced
• US loans to GER enabled them to make reparation
  pmts to GBR FRA, who in turn could repay their
  war debts to the US
• The Young Plan reduced the total amount of GER
  reparations
• The Reparations Committee now could no longer
  impose sanctions

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The Locarno Spring (1925)The Kellogg-Briand
Pact (1928)

• The Locarno Pact was a series of treaties signed
  by GER, FRA, BELG, GBR, and ITA
• GER to accept the western border with FRA BELG
  in exchange for troops withdrawal from the
  Rhineland
• FRA Foreign Minister Briand proposed a treaty to
  the US to outlaw war to US Secty of State Kellogg
  became the Kellogg-Briand Pact and was extended
  to more than 60 nations
• Proved no more than good intentions as, when
  JAP, ITA GER broke it, nothing was done
• The Great Depression ended the atmosphere of
  international cooperation

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London Conference (1930) Geneva Disarmament
Conference (1932-34)

• The London Conference aimed at taking further
  steps in naval disarmament by including
  submarines and smaller warships
• The Geneva Disarmament Conference aimed at arms
  reduction as a whole (not just naval)
• Internationally, world suffering Great Depression
• GER was looking to either make other signatory
  nations reduce, or they should be able to
  increase, their armaments
• The Geneva Conference produced no results

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Manchurian Crisis (1931-33)Abysinnia Crisis
(1935-36)

• These two crises really ended the attempted era
  of peace during the inter-war years
• Manchurian Crisis ended JAP involvement in LoN
• The Abyssinian Crisis led to ITA to withdraw from
  the Stresa Front (GBR, FRA, ITA united against
  Hitler) and join the Rome-Berlin Axis
  (cooperation of foreign policies btw Hitler
  Mussolini)
• The LoN was exposed as politically-driven and
  ineffective in collective security

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Strategies to attack the Paper 1

• Questions 1a 1b (5 marks)
• Spend only 10 minutes answering!
• Make as many points as there are marks
• Question 2 (6 marks)
• 15 minutes!
• Only 2 sources are used, so be even with your
  approach evaluate evenly
• Intended for you to show your application and
  interpretation of the sources

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Strategies to attack the Paper 1

• Question 3 (6 marks)
• Again, only 15 minutes!
• Refer to all of O P V L!!
• Intended for you to show your synthesis and
  evaluation of the sources
• Question 4 (8 marks)
• Save at least 20 minutes for this!
• Comprehensive essay intended for you to show
  your knowledge, understanding, synthesis,
  evaluation of sources