Westward to the Pacific By Joseph Enge

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Westward to the PacificBy Joseph Enge
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• I. Trails to the West

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• A. The Sante Fe Trail
• B. Exploration of the Rocky Mountains the
  Sierra Nevada by Mountain men like James
  Beckwourth, Jedidiah Smith, Tom Fitzpatrick, Joe
  Walker, and Jim Bridger.

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• C. American interest in the Oregon country
• 1. The Oregon Trail first opened in 1841
• 2. Between 1841 1845 5,000 people trudged
  the trail
• 3. Formation of government by American
  settlers 1843
• D. Opening of the California Trail by
  Americans 1841
• E. Settlement of Utah by Brigham Young the
  Mormons 1847

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• II. Gone to Texas
• A. American land grants in Texas, by 1830 16,000
  Americans had settled in Texas. They outnumbered
  the Mexicans
• 4 to 1.

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• B. American-Mexican tensions
• 1. Religion
• 2. Slavery
• 3. Representation
• 4. American interests in Texas

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General Santa Anna

• C. The Texas Revolution
• 1. 1834 General Santa Anna made
  himself dictator of Mexico
• 2. In 1835 Santa Anna established military
  rule in Texas

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Travis
Bowie Crockett

• 3. William B. Travis, Stephen Austin, Jim Bowie,
  and Sam Houston led Texas volunteers against
  Santa Anna
• 4. March 2, 1836 Texas adopts a declaration of
  independence
• 5. Feb- March 1836 Santa Anna with 5,000 troops
  attacks the Texas garrison of 180 men and led by
  William Travis, David Bowie, and Davie Crockett
  at the Alamo.

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The Alamo
The Texas Flag

• 6. Battle of San Jacinto April 21, 1836 Santa
  Anna is defeated and later captured by the
  Texans. Texas obtains its independence, the Lone
  Star Republic.

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Texas Independence
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• III. Manifest Destiny
• A. Anglo-American treaties
• 1. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842
  finalized the U.S.- Canadian border in Maine
  Minnesota
• 2. The Oregon settlement 1846 extended the
  U.S.-Canadian border along the 49-degree
  latitude.
• B. Annexation of Texas on December 29,
  1845

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Oregon Boundary Settlement
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James Polk 11th President of the U.S. 1845-1849

• C. American interests in California
• 1. James K. Polk, an expansionist, is elected
  president 1844
• 2. 1845 Polk sends Captain John C. Fremont with
  well-armed men to survey a route to California
  and to assist should war break out between the
  U.S. and Mexico.

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General Zachary Taylor

• D. War with Mexico
• 1. Mexican-American clash on the Rio Grande
  April 1846
• 2. American declaration of war May 13, 1846.
  General Zachary Taylor captures Monterrey Sep
  1846 and defeats the Mexicans at Beuna Vista
  Feb 1847.

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Admiral Sloat
Captain Fremont

General Kearny
Admiral Stockton

• 3. Fremont, Sloat, and Kearney secure California
  by Jan of 1847. Admiral Stockton replaces Sloat.

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General Scott at Veracruz

• 4. March 1847 General Winfield Scott captured
  Veracruz. The largest amphibious operation of any
  nation up to that time.

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• 5. September 14, 1847 General Scott captures
  Mexico City

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Overview of the Campaigns
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• 6. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo February 1848
  ends the war with the following provisions
• a. The U.S. obtains California, Arizona,
  Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and parts of
  Wyoming Colorado
• b. We would pay them 15 million and
  assume some 3 million of their debts to us
  for it
• c. The U.S. would recognize the property
  rights of Mexicans living in these areas
• d. Later in 1853 we would make the Gadsen
  Purchase for 10 million for additional land
  south of Arizona and New Mexico

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Manifest Destiny Realized
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• E. The gold rush in California
• 1. January 1848 gold is discovered at
  Sutter's sawmill
• 2. By 1849 crowds of gold seekers were
  heading for California
• 3. September 9, 1850 California became the
  31st state in the Union.