Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

1
Step Up To PsychologyJohn J. Schulte,
Psy.D.Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

• From Hockenbury Hockenbury
• Discovering Psychology 5e
• Worth Publishers (2010)

2
Chapter 11 Social Psychology
Understanding Prejudice and Conformity
Attribution and Attitudes
Obedience Just Following Orders
Person Perception Forming Impressions of Other
People
Helping out a Stranger
3
Person Perception Forming Impressions of Other
People
500
400
300
200
100
4
Attribution and Attitudes
500
400
300
200
100
5
Understanding Prejudice and Conformity
500
400
300
200
100
6
Obedience Just Following Orders
500
400
300
200
100
7
Helping out a Stranger
500
400
300
200
100
8
1. __________ refers to the effects of
situational factors and other people on an
individuals behavior.

• A) Social psychology
• B) Social influence
• C) Social cognition
• D) Social constructs

9
2. Social __________ is a type of mental process
that we use to cluster people into groups on the
basis of their shared characteristics. It is
often an automatic and unconscious process.

• A) categorization
• B) clustering
• C) personifying
• D) glossing

10
3. No one suspected that the clown visiting sick
children in the hospital was serial killer John
Wayne Gacy. He just wasnt that type of
person. This illustrates

• A) expectation evaluation
• B) social cognition
• C) trait theory of personality
• D) implicit personality theory

11
4. Kristi is sitting alone on the bus. She
feels uncomfortable when the bus stops and only
one person gets on and sits next to her. Her
discomfort is, in part, caused by

• A) social influence
• B) social norms
• C) person perception
• D) implicit personality theory

12
5. Which of the following is not one of the
basic principles of person perception?

• A) Your reactions to others are determined by
  your perception of them, not by who they really
  are
• B) Your goals in a situation determine the amount
  and kinds of information you collect about others
• C) Your self-perception is not involved in the
  way in which you perceive others
• D) In every situation you evaluate people partly
  in terms of how you expect them to act

13
6. That guy who just cut me off on the highway
must be a real jerk! This statement best
demonstrates the

• A) fundamental attribution error
• B) actor-observer discrepancy
• C) just-world hypothesis
• D) self-serving bias

14
Culture plays a large role in the attributions
that we tend to make. For example, Japanese
students tend to make _______ attributions when
they fail an exam, while American students tend
to make ________ attributions in the same
circumstance.

• A) external internal
• B) internal external
• C) positive negative
• D) negative positive

15
8. Attitudes are comprised of three different
components. Which of the following is not one of
those three?

• A) behavioral component
• B) cognitive component
• C) diathesis component
• D) affective component

16
9. When you behave in a way that is in conflict
with your attitude, you experience

• A) behavioral reassessment
• B) thought confusion
• C) attitude adjustment
• D) cognitive dissonance

17
10. Which of the following conditions does not
inspire people to behave in ways that are
consistent with their attitudes?

• A) when we are exposed to media sources that
  challenge our attitude
• B) when the attitude is based on direct
  experience
• C) when the attitude is extreme or frequently
  expressed
• D) when you are very knowledgeable about the
  topic of the attitude

18
11. Prejudice is best defined as

• A) taking negative action toward people who
  belong to a different social group
• B) speaking badly about people who belong to a
  different social group
• C) a negative attitude toward people who belong
  to a specific social group
• D) all of the above

19
12. What was the main task of the Solomon Asch
experiment exploring conformity?

• A) selecting matching colors
• B) choosing line sizes
• C) administering electric shocks
• D) pretending to be prison inmates or guards

20
13. Nick says that all women are bad drivers.
His social categorization of women based on one
common attribute (being female) is an example of
a(n)

• A) in-group classification
• B) out-group classification
• C) stereotype
• D) cognitive dissonance

21
14. This study demonstrated that cooperation
among group members can lessen prejudice.

• A) The Stanford Prison Experiment
• B) The Jigsaw Classroom Experiment
• C) The In-group Out-group study
• D) The Robbers Cave Experiment

22
15. When an individual decides to change their
behavior to win the approval or social acceptance
of others, (s)he is being affected by

• A) ethnocentric pressure
• B) normative social influence
• C) informational social influence
• D) biased conformity

23
16. The results of Stanley Milgrams research
into obedience found that

• A) the subjects who continued knew it wasnt real
• B) most subjects discontinued when shock levels
  became extreme
• C) subjects had to be threatened to deliver
  dangerous levels of shock
• D) most subjects continued to deliver the highest
  level of shock

24
17. Who was the only person in the Milgram
Obedience study to receive an actual electric
shock?

• A) Stanley Milgram
• B) The learner
• C) The teacher
• D) The experimenter

25
18. Which of the following was not one of
the forces that influenced the obedience of
subjects in Milgrams studies?

• A) the amount of physical separation from the
  learner
• B) the situation or context in which the
  obedience occurred
• C) increasing the pay offered to the teacher
• D) gradual, repetitive escalation of the task

26
19. Which of the following variations of
Milgrams obedience study resulted in the fewest
teachers delivering the maximum shock (450
volts) to the learner?

• A) The teacher was free to choose the shock
  level.
• B) The teacher and learner were in the same room.
• C) The teacher was male and the learner was
  female.
• D) The teacher was clearly much younger than the
  learner.

27
20. Based on the results of the Stanford Prison
Experiment, what might we have been able to
predict about the treatment of prisoners at Abu
Ghraib?

• A) Implied social rules and norms can be just as
  powerful as explicit orders
• B) People will follow the direct orders of a
  superior when in the military
• C) We will easily scapegoat those different from
  ourselves
• D) People cannot resist pressure to perform evil
  action

28
21. The bystander effect has been used as an
explanation for why nobody came to the immediate
aid of __________, who was stabbed to death in
New York City.

• A) Betty Zimbardo
• B) Shelby Milgram
• C) Sheila Asch
• D) Kitty Genovese

29
22. According to studies done on helping
behavior, if you want to collect for a charity,
the person most likely to give would be

• A) Joe, who was just told by his boss that he is
  receiving a promotion
• B) Mary, who has 100 in her pocket
• C) David, who just lost a tennis match
• D) Sarah, who has never given before

30
23. Which of the following is not an example of
an altruistic act?

• A) Returning a lost dog to collect the posted
  reward
• B) Holding a door open for a stranger carrying
  two babies
• C) Giving up your seat on a crowded bus for an
  elderly passenger
• D) Jumping into traffic to save a strangers
  child from getting hit by a car

31
24. You are stuck with a flat tire when you are
out of your house, and you have no jack and no
spare tired. In which of the following situations
are you most likely to get help from a stranger?

• A) In a crowded mall parking lot the day before
  Christmas
• B) On a deserted country road that gets one or
  two cars each hour
• C) When you are stuck on the side of a busy
  highway during rush hour
• D) In a stadium parking lot before a professional
  football game

32
25. Which of the following factors has not been
found to increase the likelihood of helping
behavior occurring?

• A) Perceiving that the other person is deserving
  of help
• B) Knowing how to help
• C) Seeing that others are unwilling to help
• D) Having a personal relationship with the person
  who needs help

33
Congratulations!
34
Answers
Stop here, or continue as a review
35
1. __________ refers to the effects of
situational factors and other people on an
individuals behavior.

• A) Social psychology
• B) Social influence
• C) Social cognition
• D) Social constructs

36
2. Social __________ is a type of mental process
that we use to cluster people into groups on the
basis of their shared characteristics. It is
often an automatic and unconscious process.

• A) categorization
• B) clustering
• C) personifying
• D) glossing

37
3. No one suspected that the clown visiting sick
children in the hospital was serial killer John
Wayne Gacy. He just wasnt that type of
person. This illustrates

• A) expectation evaluation
• B) social cognition
• C) trait theory of personality
• D) implicit personality theory

38
4. Kristi is sitting alone on the bus. She
feels uncomfortable when the bus stops and only
one person gets on and sits next to her. Her
discomfort is, in part, caused by

• A) social influence
• B) social norms
• C) person perception
• D) implicit personality theory

39
5. Which of the following is not one of the
basic principles of person perception?

• A) Your reactions to others are determined by
  your perception of them, not by who they really
  are
• B) Your goals in a situation determine the amount
  and kinds of information you collect about others
• C) Your self-perception is not involved in the
  way in which you perceive others
• D) In every situation you evaluate people partly
  in terms of how you expect them to act

40
6. That guy who just cut me off on the highway
must be a real jerk! This statement best
demonstrates the

• A) fundamental attribution error
• B) actor-observer discrepancy
• C) just-world hypothesis
• D) self-serving bias

41
Culture plays a large role in the attributions
that we tend to make. For example, Japanese
students tend to make _______ attributions when
they fail an exam, while American students tend
to make ________ attributions in the same
circumstance.

• A) external internal
• B) internal external
• C) positive negative
• D) negative positive

42
8. Attitudes are comprised of three different
components. Which of the following is not one of
those three?

• A) behavioral component
• B) cognitive component
• C) diathesis component
• D) affective component

43
9. When you behave in a way that is in conflict
with your attitude, you experience

• A) behavioral reassessment
• B) thought confusion
• C) attitude adjustment
• D) cognitive dissonance

44
10. Which of the following conditions does not
inspire people to behave in ways that are
consistent with their attitudes?

• A) when we are exposed to media sources that
  challenge our attitude
• B) when the attitude is based on direct
  experience
• C) when the attitude is extreme or frequently
  expressed
• D) when you are very knowledgeable about the
  topic of the attitude

45
11. Prejudice is best defined as

• A) taking negative action toward people who
  belong to a different social group
• B) speaking badly about people who belong to a
  different social group
• C) a negative attitude toward people who belong
  to a specific social group
• D) all of the above

46
12. What was the main task of the Solomon Asch
experiment exploring conformity?

• A) selecting matching colors
• B) choosing line sizes
• C) administering electric shocks
• D) pretending to be prison inmates or guards

47
13. Nick says that all women are bad drivers.
His social categorization of women based on one
common attribute (being female) is an example of
a(n)

• A) in-group classification
• B) out-group classification
• C) stereotype
• D) cognitive dissonance

48
14. This study demonstrated that cooperation
among group members can lessen prejudice.

• A) The Stanford Prison Experiment
• B) The Jigsaw Classroom Experiment
• C) The In-group Out-group study
• D) The Robbers Cave Experiment

49
15. When an individual decides to change their
behavior to win the approval or social acceptance
of others, (s)he is being affected by

• A) ethnocentric pressure
• B) normative social influence
• C) informational social influence
• D) biased conformity

50
16. The results of Stanley Milgrams research
into obedience found that

• A) the subjects who continued knew it wasnt real
• B) most subjects discontinued when shock levels
  became extreme
• C) subjects had to be threatened to deliver
  dangerous levels of shock
• D) most subjects continued to deliver the highest
  level of shock

51
17. Who was the only person in the Milgram
Obedience study to receive an actual electric
shock?

• A) Stanley Milgram
• B) The learner
• C) The teacher
• D) The experimenter

52
18. Which of the following was not one of
the forces that influenced the obedience of
subjects in Milgrams studies?

• A) the amount of physical separation from the
  learner
• B) the situation or context in which the
  obedience occurred
• C) increasing the pay offered to the teacher
• D) gradual, repetitive escalation of the task

53
19. Which of the following variations of
Milgrams obedience study resulted in the fewest
teachers delivering the maximum shock (450
volts) to the learner?

• A) The teacher was free to choose the shock
  level.
• B) The teacher and learner were in the same room.
• C) The teacher was male and the learner was
  female.
• D) The teacher was clearly much younger than the
  learner.

54
20. Based on the results of the Stanford Prison
Experiment, what might we have been able to
predict about the treatment of prisoners at Abu
Ghraib?

• A) Implied social rules and norms can be just as
  powerful as explicit orders
• B) People will follow the direct orders of a
  superior when in the military
• C) We will easily scapegoat those different from
  ourselves
• D) People cannot resist pressure to perform evil
  action

55
21. The bystander effect has been used as an
explanation for why nobody came to the immediate
aid of __________, who was stabbed to death in
New York City.

• A) Betty Zimbardo
• B) Shelby Milgram
• C) Sheila Asch
• D) Kitty Genovese

56
22. According to studies done on helping
behavior, if you want to collect for a charity,
the person most likely to give would be

• A) Joe, who was just told by his boss that he is
  receiving a promotion
• B) Mary, who has 100 in her pocket
• C) David, who just lost a tennis match
• D) Sarah, who has never given before

57
23. Which of the following is not an example of
an altruistic act?

• A) Returning a lost dog to collect the posted
  reward
• B) Holding a door open for a stranger carrying
  two babies
• C) Giving up your seat on a crowded bus for an
  elderly passenger
• D) Jumping into traffic to save a strangers
  child from getting hit by a car

58
24. You are stuck with a flat tire when you are
out of your house, and you have no jack and no
spare tired. In which of the following situations
are you most likely to get help from a stranger?

• A) In a crowded mall parking lot the day before
  Christmas
• B) On a deserted country road that gets one or
  two cars each hour
• C) When you are stuck on the side of a busy
  highway during rush hour
• D) In a stadium parking lot before a professional
  football game

59
25. Which of the following factors has not been
found to increase the likelihood of helping
behavior occurring?

• A) Perceiving that the other person is deserving
  of help
• B) Knowing how to help
• C) Seeing that others are unwilling to help
• D) Having a personal relationship with the person
  who needs help

60
Acknowledgments

• Step Up Created by
• John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Questions written by
• Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD
• Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury
  Hockenbury
• Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

61
Answers
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. A
11. C
12. B
13. C
14. D
15. B
16. D
17. C
18. C
19. A
20. A
21. D
22. A
23. A
24. B
25. C