Need : Power point Outline

1

• Need Power point Outline
• Worksheet Identifying Variables (spongebob)
• Gummi Worm Lab

2

• You would be amazed at how often we hear the
  same excuses for why a student was not in class,
  or did not do the homework.
• (from Gary Larson, The Far Side)

Welcome to Mrs. Greenes Biology Class
3
Scientific Method
An organized way to solve a problem through
experimentation observation.
Video Scientific Method Rap
Power Point Outline
4
Steps in the Scientific Method

• Identify the Problem.
• Observation
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Data Collection
• Conclusion
• Retest or Publish Results

5
Observations

• Gathered through your senses- What are the five
  senses?
• A scientist notices something in their natural
  world

6
Observations

• An example of an observation might be noticing
  that many salamanders near a pond have curved,
  not straight, tails

7

• You would be amazed at how often we hear the
  same excuses for why a student was not in class,
  or did not do the homework.
• (from Gary Larson, The Far Side)

Welcome to Mrs. Greenes Biology Class
Observation
8
In your group

• 1-8

How observant are you?
9
Observation

• 1. What type of animals are in the picture?

• 2. How many animals are seated at desks?

• 3. How many animals have their tongue hanging out?

• 4. How many animals have a ruff (ring of fur)
  around their neck?

10
Observation

• 5. What represents numbers on the board?

• 6. How many sheets of paper are on the desk?

• 7. What is hanging on the wall behind the animals?

• 8. How many of the animals have their ears
  perked up.

11
Hypothesis

• A suggested solution to the problem.
• Must be testable
• Sometimes written as IfThen statements
• Predicts an outcome

12
Hypothesis

• If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will
  increase because...

13
Experiment

• A procedure to test the hypothesis.
• Include a detailed materials list.
• The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable).
  What does the prefix quant- mean?

14
Experiment

• Variable factor in the experiment that is being
  tested

15
Experiment

• A good or valid experiment will only have ONE
  variable!

16
Scientific Experiments Follow Rules

• An experimenter changes one factor and observes
  or measures what happens.

17
The Control Variable

• The experimenter makes a special effort to keep
  other factors constant so that they will not
  affect the outcome.
• Those factors are called (constants) controls

18
What is the Purpose of a Control?

• Controls are NOT being tested
• Controls are used for COMPARISON

19
2 Types of Variables

• Independent variable
• Dependent variable

20
Other Variables

• The factor that is changed is known as the
  independent variable. (Manipulated)
• The factor that is measured or observed is called
  the dependent variable. (Respondinging)

21
Controls and Variables
Controlled Experiment two groups 1. Control
group no variables (comparison
group) Controls- all the same in both
groups 2. Experimental Group variable
applied Independent variable the
experimenter changes Dependent variable
what is measured.
22
Example Practice
Problem How does dog urine affect plants? How
would you write the problem using effect? Affect
verb Effect noun
23
Example Practice
Problem How does dog urine affect plants? How
would you write a hypothesis? If., then.
24
Example Practice
Problem How does dog urine affect plants? What
would be the variable (Independent) that would be
used? (What are you testing?)
25
Example Practice
Problem How does dog urine affect plants? What
would be the Controls? (Control Group)
26
Example of Controls Variables

• For example, suppose you want to figure out the
  fastest route to walk home from school.
• You will try several different routes and time
  how long it takes you to get home by each one.
• Since you are only interested in finding a route
  that is fastest for you, you will do the walking
  yourself.

27
What are the Variables in Your Experiment?

• Varying the route is the independent variable
• The time it takes is the dependent variable
• Keeping the same walker throughout makes the
  walker a control variable.

28
One more thing it is best to make several trials
with each independent variable.
29
Remember To be a Valid Experiment

• Two groups are required --- the control
  experimental groups
• There should be only one variable

30
Data

• Results of the experiment
• May be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative

31
Types of Data-

• Qualitative data describes the situation and
  reaction in descriptive terms.  For example,
  qualitative involves the senses including sight,
  taste, hearing, touch, and smell.  This would
  include color and shape. 
• The plant is green with small leaves.

32
Types of Data

• Quantitative Data- data that involves numbers or
  measurement usually in the form of a chart or
  graph
• The plant has an average of 6 leaves per stem and
  is 58 cm high.

33
Data

• Must be organized
• Can be organized into charts, tables, or graphs

34
Data

• Data must be graphed to be organized

35
Graphs
Displaying the data in a graph to understand
and communicate is an effective method of
organization.

• Types of graphs
• line graph - when showing how variables are
  related. (can graph 2 experiments on one graph)
  trends
• bar graph - when comparing groups in terms of one
  characteristic.
• pie or circle graph when showing percentages or
  fractions.

36
(No Transcript)
37
Graphing Rules

• Dependent Variable graphed on the y-axis
  (vertical)
• D dependent
• R responding
• Y y- axis

y axis vertical
DRY
38
Graphing Rules

• Independent Variable graphed on the x-axis
  (vertical)
• M manipulated
• I independent
• X x- axis

y axis vertical
MIX
39
Graphing Rules

• DRY- MIX

40
Graphing Rules

• Graphs always need title and both axis need to be
  labeled. Make sure your interval and scale are
  appropriate for the data. Changing the scale or
  interval can change the way a graph looks,
  resulting in the wrong interpretation of data.

TAILS
41
Graphing Rules

• T Title
• A Axis
• I Intervals
• L Labels
• S - Scale

TAILS
42
What is wrong with this graph?
43
TAILS
Months of the year
44
Graphs

• Graphs allow analysis - patterns in the data are
  identified. Mathematical relationships may be
  established and predictions can be made.
• A model may even be created that explains the
  results.

45
(No Transcript)
46
Data

• Analyze Results Modify the procedure if needed.
• Confirm the results by retesting.
• Include tables, graphs, and photographs.

47
Retest

• In order to verify the results, experiments must
  be retested.

48
Start 4th here
49
Conclusion

• The answer to the hypothesis based on the data
  obtained from the experiment

50
Review
In a laboratory report on the study of the
effects of different fertilizers on the growth of
marigolds, where would you MOST likely find a
graph that shows how the variables are A
hypothesis B procedure C data D conclusions
C
51
Review
When leaving a movie theater, a person notices
that the sidewalk is now wet. If the person
assumes it rained during the movie, the person is
making A a hypothesis B an inference C an
observation D a prediction
B
52
Solving a Problem

• 1)Identify a Problem
• 2) State Observations about the problem
• 3) Form a Hypothesis about the problem (ifthen)
• 4) Design an Experiment to test the hypothesis
• 5) Collect Data
• 6) Form a Conclusion
• 7) Retest

53
Caution!

• Be careful how you use effect and affect.
• Effect is usually a noun and affect, a verb.
• The effect of sugar amounts on the rising of
  bread.
• How does sugar affect the rising of bread?

54
Identify variables and Controls

• Worksheet The Simpsons

55
Progression of Ideas in Science

• Hypothesis- a possible explanation to a question
  based on information the scientist has already
  gathered

- If experiments show a hypothesis to be correct,
other scientists may accept it as support for a
scientific theory.
EX Plants obtain their energy from the sun.
56
Progression of Ideas in Science

• Scientific Theory- is a broad and comprehensive
  statement of what is thought to be true. It is
  supported by a considerable amount of evidence.
• Cell Theory
• Theory of Evolution

In science a theory is not a wild guess.
57
Progression of Ideas in Science
- Theories are used to explain predict the
outcome of other experiments
- Theories must be tested
- Sometimes they are wrong must be modified or
discarded
EX The Earth is flat.
58
Progression of Ideas in Science

• Scientific Law- a statement of what happens in a
  certain event based on verified observations
  experiments

59
Progression of Ideas in Science
- Explains what happens not why
- Summaries of the results of many, many
experiments observations
- When results of a series of experiments are the
same each time they no longer need to be tested
EX Newtons Law of Gravity
60
Progression of Ideas in Science

• Which one is most likely to be wrong- hypothesis,
  theory, or law?

1.
2.
3.
Hypothesis
Theory
Law
61
Scientific Method Vocabulary

• Inference- a quick conclusion made on the basis
  of facts rather than direct observation, attempts
  to explain an observation
• Example If you see smoke, you will probably
  infer that its source is fire, even if you cant
  see the fire.

62
Scientific Method Vocabulary

• Prediction- to forecast to guess the outcome of
  a situation beforehand. Follows the hypothesis.

• Analysis- to separate or break apart into smaller
  sections for study

63
Alexander Fleming

• Scientific Method
• Discovery of Penicillin

Video Scientific Method - youtube
64
Gummi Worm - Observation

• Using quantitative and qualitative data
• Graphing
• Analyzing data

Gummi Worm lab
Earthworm Coloring - Smart board
65
(No Transcript)
66
Refer p655 of text