Membranes, Ribosomes, Cell Respiration, and Protein Synthesis

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Membranes, Ribosomes, Cell Respiration, and
Protein Synthesis

• Major cellular processes

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Cell Membranes
The heads like water (hydrophilic) and the tails
do not like water (hydrophobic). The tails bump
up against each other and the heads are out
facing the watery area surrounding the cell. The
two layers of cells are called the bilayer. Thus
phospho-lipid bilayer
Proteins float in bi-layer and are involved in
active transport
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Chloroplasts

• Take in CO2, Water, and Sunlight to make glucose
  (food) and O2 (photosynthesis)

Where is the Suns Energy stored?
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Mitochondria

• Take in O2 and Glucose and makes energy molecules
  (ATP) (respiration)

Filled with H20 and Enzymes
Why does the inner membrane (matrix) have so many
folds? What is the advantage?
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Enzymes

• Proteins that speed up (activators) or slows down
  (inhibitors) chemical reactions and are very
  specific to a substrate (chemical)

Why are enzymes so important and where are they
made?
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Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) double strand of
  genetic material
• RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) single strand of genetic
  material
• tRNA tranfer RNA carries a specific amino acid
  to ribosome
• mRNA messenger RNA which is transcribed from the
  DNA strand in the nucleus
• rRNA material combined with proteins compose the
  ribosome and helps translate mRNA into proteins

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DNA and Genetic Code

• Double stranded
• Composed of cytosine and thymine (pyrimidines)
  and adenine and guanine (purines)
• Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA
• Pair up A-T and C-G (DNA) or A-U and G-C (RNA)
• Protein Synthesis (narrated)
• Protein Synthesis (Slides)

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Ribosomes

• Responsible for the creation of proteins through
  a process known as Protein Synthesis.

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Protein Synthesis

• Transcription DNA uncoils and splits, code
  transcribed into mRNA
• mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm
  where ribosomes
• become attached.
• 3. Translation - Ribosomes in association with
  tRNA translate the code into a protein.