?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1878 ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? Thomas Burrill ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? Illinois ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????

1
???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????

• ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1878
  ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? Thomas Burrill ?????
  ?????? ?? ????? ?????? Illinois ????????? ???????
  ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ???
  ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????
  ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????
  ???? ??????? ???????? . ?????????? ????????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????
  ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????
  ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????
  ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??
  ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????
  ?? ??? ???????? ???????? .

2

• ??? ?????? Micrococcus amylovorus ??? ??? ??? ???
  ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????
  ????? ?????? Erwinia amylovora . ????? ??? ???
  ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????
  ??????. ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????
  ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????
  . ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????
  ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? . ???
  ??? ?? ??? 1920 ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???????
  ?????? ?? ???????? E. amylovora ?? ??????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? .

3
1- ????????? ?????? ??????

• ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????
  ????? ??????? ??????. ?????????? ?????? ????????
  ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????
  ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
  ???? ????? ?????? .

• ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???
  ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???
  ?????? ???????? ProKaryotae ??? ????? ??????
  ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ????
  ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??
  ???????????? .

• ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????
  ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? .
  ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????
  ???????? ????? ?????? . ??????? ?? ???? ????
  ????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??
  ???? ??????? ????? .

4
1-1 ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????

• ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? Streptomyces ??????
  ?????. ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????
  ??????? ??? 0.6-3.5 ????????? ????? ? 0.5 ? 1
  ????????? ????? . ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???
  ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????????
  ???????? ???? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?
  ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? X ?? Y
  ?? ??????? ?????? . ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??
  ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? .

• ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????
  ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? Slime Layer ??
  ?????? ????? ??????? Capsule .

5
Clockwise from above, scanning EM, Streptomyces,
capsule
6

• ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??
  ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? Plasmids ??? ??? ????
  ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? Cryptic Plasmids ????
  ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????
  ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????
  ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????
  ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????
  ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? .

• ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????
  ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????
  ??? ?????? ????? ??? Mitomycine ?? ??? ???????
  ??????? ??? Acridine Orange ?? ???????? ??? ????
  ????? ?????? (35 ? 40 ??) ?? ???????? ??? ??????
  ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????
  ???????? Agrobaoterium tumefaciens ??? ?????
  ?????? ??? ????? ??? Octopine Nopaline .

7

• ??? ????? ?? ??? Plasmids ????? ???? ?????? ???
  ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???
  Episome .

• ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???
  ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???
  ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????
  ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????
  ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????
  ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??
  ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? (???-2)
  .

• ????? ????? ????? ????? Streptomyces ?? ????
  ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????
  ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???
  ????? ?????? .

8

• ???? ?????? Envelope ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
  ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????
  ?????? Polysaccharides ? ?????????? ??????
  Lipopolysaccharides ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???
  ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????
  ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? .

• ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
  ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????
  Plasmids ????? ?? ????? DNA ????? ?? ??? ??????
  Covalent ??? ??? - 200 kb ???? ???? ???? ??????
  ????? ??? Sex Factors ? ????? ??????????? ?
  ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ????????
  ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????
  UV ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????
  ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? .

9

• ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ???
  ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????
  ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? .

??? 2 ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
10
??? 3 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? (A)
??????? ????? (B) ??????? ?????
11

• ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???
  ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????
  ???? ???? ??????? . ????? ?????????? ???????
  ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????
  ??? . ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???
  ????????? . ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? 1 ?? ???
  ??? ????????? . ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???
  ??????? ?????? . ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??
  ?????? ?? ??? ????? .. ??? . ??? ????? ????????
  ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ... ??? .
  ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????
  ???? . ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? .

• ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????
  ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? . ??? ????? ??????
  ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????
  ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????.
  ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????
  ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????
  ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????
  ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????
  ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? .

12

• Single cell, prokaryotic, no organelles, some are
  motile
• 0.5-1 X 1-10 µm
• Rod, coccoid, spiral, pleomorphic shaped
• Chemoheterotrophs (some are fastidious)
• Assexual, transverse binary fission

13
1-2 ??????? ?? ?????????

• ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??
  ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????
  ???? ?? ????? ????????? Mesosome . ??? ????? ???
  ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???
  ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???
  ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??
  ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? .
  ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????
  ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? .

14
??? 4 ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????
?????? ?????????
15
?? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?

• ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????
  ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??
  ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? . ????? ????
  ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????
  ??? ????? .

?? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
???????? ?

• ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? . ??? ???? ??????
  ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????
  ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???
  ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????
  ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??

16
1 ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? Lag phase
???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?? ?? ???
??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? .
2 ?? ??? ????? ??????????? Log phase
???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? . ??????
??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? .
3 ? ???? ?????? Stationary phase
???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?? ?? ??????? ???
???? ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????
??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????
?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
???????? .
17
4 ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? Death or Decline phase

• ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ? ?? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ??????????? ????
  ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ? ???????
  ???? ???? ????? ??????????? Phase of Logarithmic
  Death ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????
  ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? .

??? 5 ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????
18
1-3 ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????
????? ?

• ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? .
  ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????
  ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???
  ?????????? ??? Erwinia amylovora ???? ???? ???
  ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
  ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? . ?????
  ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
  ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??
  ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???
  ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
  ??????? ?? ?????? . ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???
  ???????? Agrobacterium tumefaciens ???? ???? ???
  ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
  ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????
  ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????
  ????? ???? ????? ?????? . ??? ??? ?????????
  ?????? ?? ????? Erwinia ? Pseudomonas ??????
  ??????? ?? ?????? .

19

• ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????
  ??? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??
  ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????
  ??? . ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???
  ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ....
  ??? .

• ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????
  Epiphytically ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????
  ????? ??? . ????? ????????? ??????? ???????
  ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? .

?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????
?????? ?

• ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???????
  ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????
  ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????
  ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? .

20
1-4 ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????
????????? ?

• ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????
  ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??
  ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???
  ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ??
  ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???
  ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????
  ??? ??? ?????????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????
  ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????
  ????????? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????
  ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????
  ???????? . ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????
  ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????
  ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????
  ??????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????
  ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????
  ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? . ???
  ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????
  ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????
  ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? .

21
1-5 ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????

• ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????
  ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???
  Streptomyces ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????
  ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????
  ????????? ???? ?????? . ??? ???? ???? ????????
  ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????
  ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????
  ???????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????
  ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????
  ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????
  ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? . ???
  ????? ??? ???? ????????? . ??? ??? ????? ?????
  ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? pH ??????
  ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????
  ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??
  ?????? ??? ??? ?????? . ????? ????????? ?????
  ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????
  ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????
  ??????????? ?????????? .

22

• ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??
  ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???
  ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???
  ????????? .

• ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????
  ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??
  ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? .

• ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????
  ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????
  ???? ???? ????? ??????. ?????????? ???? ??????
  ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????
  ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
  ????????? .

23
Gram Positive Classification
24
Gram Negative Classification
Pseudomonas Necrosis, chlorosis, Gummosis,
galls, etc.
25
Gram negative, non-fluorescent bacteria
Agrobacteriumgalls, wilts, dieback,hairy root
Burkholderianecrosis, wilt, rot
Acidovoraxblights, spots,blotches
Ralstoniawilts
26
?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????
???????

• ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
  ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????
  ????? ? ????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????
  ???????? ??????? ? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ???????
  (??????? ??????) ??? ? ?????? (????1 ? ???) . ???
  ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??
  ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? tumefaciens
  Agrobacterium ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? Over Growth
  (Tumor) ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? Proliferation
  ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????
  ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? Pseudomonas,
  Gorynebacteriam ????? .

27

• ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???
  ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
  ?????????? ???????? . ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???
  ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???
  ????????? ??????? ????? .

• ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????
  ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????
  ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????
  Antisera ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????
  ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????
  ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? .

28

• ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????
  ???????????? Bacteriocins ?? ??????? ??? ???????
  ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????
  ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????
  ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????
  ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????
  ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? . ?????? ???
  ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????
  ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ??
  ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???
  ??????? ?? ????? ????????? . ?????? ??? ????????
  ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? Plasmid-DNA
  ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????
  ??????? ??????? .

• ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????
  ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????
  ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????
  ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????
  ????? ???? ??????? ?????? . ??????? ?? ??? ?????
  ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????
  ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ???????
  ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? .

29
???? (1) ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????
??????

????? ?????? ??????
1 ? ??? ??? Soft rots Erwinia spp. Pseudomonas spp. (?? ??? ???????)
???? (???? ?????) Wilts(Vascular Diseases) Xanthomonas spp. Corynebacterium spp. Erwinia spp. Pseudomonas spp.
????????? Blights Erwinia spp. Pseudomonas spp. Xanthomonas spp.
???????? Galls Agrobacterium spp. Pseudomonas spp. Corynebacterium spp.
?????? (??? ????? ???????) (Local lesions) Pseudomonas spp. Xanthomonas spp.
????? Scabs Streptomyces spp. Pseudomonas spp.
30
??? 6 ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????
????????? ??????? ??????
31
??? 7 ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????
????????????? ???????????? ??????????
????????????? ????????????? ??????????????
??????? ??????