Inquiry 2 Reports due this week

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• Inquiry 2 Reports due this week
• Inquiry 3 Proposals due next week, in lab

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How do different individuals and different groups
arise? Evolution Does it occur? How does it
occur?
3
Does evolution occur?
4
Information flow in cells
Protein
From Biology N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin
Cummings fig 5.25
5
As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to
the next generations.
From Biology N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin
Cummings fig 13.5
6
Mitosis
7
When DNA is replicated, mutations can occur.
8
As DNA changes traits change.
Protein
9
Evolution A species genetic component changes
as the individuals reproduce. These changes are
based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.
10
Evolution changes in DNA as information
transmitted
O
O
O
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
11
Evolution changes in DNA as information
transmitted
O
O
O
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Apply antibiotic
X
X
X
O
O
O
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
X
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation
that allow them to be resistant.
12
Evolution changes in DNA as information
transmitted
O
O
O
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Apply antibiotic
Continues to replicate
O
X
X
X
O
O
O
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
X
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation
that allow them to be resistant.
13
Evolution changes in DNA as information
transmitted
O
O
O
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Apply antibiotic
Continues to replicate
O
X
X
X
O
O
O
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
X
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation
that allow them to be resistant.
O
O
O
O
Population of resistant bacteria
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Evolution A species genetic component changes
as the individuals reproduce
15
Human DNA is divided into 46 chromosomes (23
pairs)
16
X 23 in humans
X 23 in humans
X 23 in humans
Each of us are a combination of DNA from mom and
dad.
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Is this all of your DNA?
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an Animal Cell
Mitochondria
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Only the egg provides mitochondria to the
offspring.
mitochondria
20
Mom provides 50.000275 and Dad provides
49.999825 of DNA to offspring. because Mom
provides 100 of mitochondrial DNA
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Traits coded for by mtDNA are inherited only
through mother
mitochondria
22
Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to
trace ancestry
23
During the Bolshevik revolution, the Tsars
family was captured and executed.
Tsars Family
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There are many stories about what happened to
their youngest daughter Anastasia
Tsars Family
25
(No Transcript)
26
Anna Anderson, claimed she was Anastasia
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Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but
tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasias
maternal relatives did not match.
28
For more info check out http//en.wikipedia.org/w
iki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia O
r the book Seven Daughters of Eve by Bryan Sykes
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The Earth is covered in humans. How did this
occur?
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When did these migrations take place?
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Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between
individuals
32
Only DNA that is successfully passed on can be
used to trace the past.
Fig 1
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As DNA is passed on mutations take place
Fig 1 and 4
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By determining the average time between
mutations, we can estimate the time of the last
common ancestor.
Fig 4
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The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one
nucleotide change per 20,000 years. OR A
difference of one nucleotide between two people
indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago.
Fig 4
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How are we related, and where did we come from?
CB 34.41
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Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
Multiregional hypothesis
Out of Africa hypothesis
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Relationships of different populations using mtDNA
150,000ya
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1
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Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
X
Multiregional hypothesis
Out of Africa hypothesis
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Newer Data Estimated time of divergence for
several DNA regions
Fig 3
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Newer Data Estimated time of divergence for
several DNA regions
Fig 3
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Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
X
Multiregional hypothesis
Out of Africa hypothesis
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Two hypotheses about the origin of H.
sapiensconflicting data disproves difeerent
hypotheses
Multiregional hypothesis disproved by mtDNA data
Out of Africa hypothesis disproved by other
DNA data
44
Proposed model of human evolution/ migration(base
d on mt and nuclear DNA)
Additional migrations
Expansion from Asia to Africa
Out of Africa of Homo sapiens
Out of Africa
Fig 9
Out of Africa of Homo erectus