The Future of US Fisheries

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The Future of US Fisheries

• Historical backgroundJoanna
• Life of a FishermanMeghan
• Fisheries ManagementSteve
• Specific Species ManagementLeigh
• AquacultureZach
• Future of NC FisheriesDrew

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Fisheries

• GoingGoingGone
• Joanna Krohn

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Fish Facts

• 500 mya
• Nourishment provides 16 of protein to the
  Worlds populations
• Provide food, work, culture
• Uses
• -Menhaden used to make glue
• -puffer fish for asthma

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Fishing Industry

• Employs millions
• In North Carolina
• -reliant on Industry for tourism, commercial or
  recreational fisheries, and military activity
• -5,500 commercial fisherman
• -9,000 RCGL
• -2 million recreational anglers

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Statistics

• US Landings
• Year Pounds
• 1950 4,978,081,222 336,266,187
• 1966 4,407,265,300 455,825,239
• 4,986,043,100 729,491,834
• 6,438,764,920 2,373,018,412
• 10,297,683,995 3,806,062,152
• 2003 9,504,553,331 3,355,545,349

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A closer look at commercial landings

• Species 1972 2003
• Catfish 2,398,012 385,878
• Menhaden 84,692,020 48,936,502
• Pigfish 171,785 50,556
• Seatrout 502,792 181,462
• Spot 3,902,144 2,043,385
• Striped Bass 1,261,060 565,919 (prohibited)
• Sturgeons 154,109 Endangered

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Recreational LandingsEstimated Harvest

• Species 1989 2003
• Bluefish 1,605,431 939,199
• Cobia 6,269 4,191
• CroakerAtlantic 2,131,763 480,123
• SharksDogfish 85,868 1,513
• Drum,red 62,359 24,943
• SpanishMackerel 679,360 342,338

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Northwest Atlantic Catch Compostion
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Whos the culprit?

• Pollution (Dioxins-paper mills, Mercury, PCBs)
• Oceanic temperature rise
• Overfishing 25-30 fish pop. Overfished
• -government aid-gtproviding low interest loans
  for boat building, currently yields 3.5-4 million
  commercial fishing boats
  
• Trawling 50 of continental shelf
• -Bycatch-gtkills innocent by-swimmers
• -long-liners-gtwiping out swordfish others
• -ghost nets-gtkilling dolphins, birds, turtles,
  sharks
• also destroys our coral reefs that help protect
  fish populations provide habitat

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Modern Fishing

• Spotter planes help boats pursue schools
• Dynamite and cyanide
• Aquaculture
• Restrictions in size, season, quantity etc.
• -big fish are the sexually mature
• Advanced technology for temperature and depth
  sensors(Military sonar), as well as sturdier
  winches and cables, more powerful engines
• 60 tonnes of fish in 20minutes!

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Jellyfish sandwich anyone?

• North Atlantic has one-sixth the high quality
  table fish(ie Cod, Tuna) that it posessed in
  1900s
• In the 1960s 21 lbs per person, now 7 lbs!
• Price of seafood has risen 20-fold since 1950
• Sturgeon population decreased 90 in last 20
  years

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It doesnt take a Dodo bird to figure out

• That the worlds oceans are headed for
• complete collapse, quite possibly by the year
• 2010.

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Fishing as a Career

• Meghan Fuller

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Pros of a Fishing Lifestyle

• Seasonal Job
• Fish migration daily to annual, and distances
  from a few meters to thousands of kilometers
• Change in water temperature (seasonal migration),
  to mate/spawn, or to for feeding patterns
• Classifications of migratory marine fish
• Anadromous ex Salmon
• Oceanodromous ex Swordfish, Tuna

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Salmon

• Salmon are some of thebest known migratory fish
• Migrate for spawning purposes

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Migratory Fish Stocks

• Swordfish
• Billfish
• Dauphin

• Tuna
• Halibut
• Lobster

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Swordfish Distribution
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Pros of a Fishing Lifestyle

• 2) Travel Possibilities
• Potential to see different areas due to migration
• Occasional free room and board
• Majority of fishers are self-employed

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Cons of a Fishing Lifestyle

• Lack of Job Security
• Over-fishing results in loss of fish stock
• Income dependent on fish stock
• Projected decline through 2012

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Fish Stocks Declining
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Cons of a Fishing Lifestyle

• Dangerous Job
• Work is long and difficult
• Equipment heavy and slippery
• Weather hazards due to strong winds, heavy rains,
  rough water, fog
• Help not readily available

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Hazards on the Water
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Risk of Dive Fishing

• Equipment malfunctions
• Murky waters
• Sudden changes in current

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Fisheries Management
Steve Artabane

• How are Fisheries Managed?
• Who is Responsible for Management?

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History of Fisheries Management

• Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act
  of 1976
• Congressionally Mandated
• Renamed Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and
  Management Act 1996
• Sustainable Fisheries Act 1996 amended
• Establishes 8 Regional Management Councils to
  govern fisheries

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Regional Fishery Management Councils
Eagle et al. (2003)
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State Divisionsto Regional Councils
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Regional Management Councils

• Establish Fishery Management Plans
• Determine amount of Fishing Effort
• Numbers of Participants
• Amount of Catch
• Gear Restrictions
• Assess Maximum Sustainable Yield or Optimal Yield
• Take account for Communities impacted

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Individual Fisherman Restrictions

• Permits
• Days at Sea
• VMS System for Scallop Boats
• Crew Limits
• Individual Limits
• Restricted/Closed Areas
• Gear Restrictions
• Mesh Sizes

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South Atlantic Regional Fisheries Management
Council

• NOAA
• US State Dept.
• US FWS
• NC Div Marine Fish.
• South Carolina DNR
• Georgia DNR
• Florida Fish and Wildlife

• State Obligatory Seats
• At Large Seats

16 Total Members
South Atlantic Council Sub-Committees
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51 of Voting Members Represent Fishing
Eagle et al. (2003)
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Essential Fish Habitat

• Fisheries managers are responsible for
  determining if EFH exists
• Congress defined EFH as "those waters and
  substrate necessary to fish for spawning,
  breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity" (16
  U.S.C. 1802(10)). (from NOAA)
• This can is difficult to Determine
• Easy for Salmon, can be hard for Highly Migratory
  Species like Tuna

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Vessels Required to Report Right Whales
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Role of National Marine Fisheries Service

• Scientific Data Collection
• NEFSC Conducts
• Fall, Spring, Winter Bottom Trawls
• Summer Scallop Surveys
• Ocean Quahog and Surf Clam Surveys
• Ecosystem Monitoring
• Whale Surveys
• Using Same Methods Year After Year

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Role of US Coast Guard

• Fisheries Law Enforcement
• Responsible for Boarding Fishing Vessels and
  Checking for evidence of
• Safety Infractions
• Illegal Activities
• Permit Violations
• USCG Personnel will check permits, check cargo,
  measure and inspect gear, and measure, ID and
  count fish

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Role of NOAA

• NOAA General Counsel prosecutes violators
• On judgment of USCG, catch can be seized
• Vessel is escorted to port
• NOAA attorneys bring Owner, Captain and/or Permit
  Holder to Trial
• National Observer Program

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Observers

• Observers record catch and bycatch and discards
• Requires cooperation between fisherman and
  program admins.
• Requires Federal funding
• Trained Individuals
• Work is usually contracted out to companies

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Management of 3 Fisheries
Leigh Zimmermann
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Pacific Halibut

• Hippoglossus stenolepis
• Flatfish
• CA to Bering Sea
• Up to 500-700 lbs.
• Can reach 9 ft.

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IPHC

• International Pacific Halibut Commission
• 1924
• IFQ
• Derby system
• User groups

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American Lobster

• Homarus americanus
• Crustacean
• ME to NY
• Up to 63 cm (25)
• gt19 kg (42 lbs)

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Lobster Fishery
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Management

• New England Fishery Management Councils Lobster
  Fishery Management Plan

• Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commissions
  Interstate Fishery Management Plan

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Regulations

• License
• Closed periods
• Methods
• Gear
• Size and type of lobster

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Pacific Salmon

• Chinook, coho, pink, sockeye, chum, and steelhead
• Wide range of sizes
• Pacific Ocean
• Saltwater fish, spawns in fresh water
• Coho threatened

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Fishery
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Management

• Pacific Salmon Treaty
• Alaska EEZ
• Season length
• Quotas
• Bag limits
• Salmon Technical Team

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Aquaculture

• Reducing Stress On Collapsing Fisheries

Zachary Fink
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Introduction

• What is Aquaculture?

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Aquaculture

• - Form of agriculture that involves the
  propagation, cultivation, and marketing of
  aquatic animals and plants in a controlled
  environment.
• In principle, very similar to traditional earthen
  agriculture.
• Difference is technique and management

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History

• Not a new idea!!!
• Pond Aquaculture started in China about 2000 BC
• In Europe by middle ages.
• By 1800s specific culture methods were being
  developed ie. Trout
• In America around 1850s, trout methods taught to
  settlers

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History

• Not too important throughout most of world
  history
• Many early attempts at fish cultivation
  unsuccessful
• However, currently growing in importance by leaps
  and bounds

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Why The Delay?Capture VS Culture

• Simple economics
• Technology
• Result

• -Cheaper and easier to capture than to grow
• -Due to sheer abundance
• -Advancements continually occurred in fishing but
  not so with aquaculture
• -Over fishing leads to fishery collapse and the
  need for aquaculture advancements

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Aquaculture Now

• Fastest growing food production industry.
• Average growth 10 per year
• 1/3 of all seafood consumed comes from
  aquaculture
• Aquaculture growth currently more rapid than
  traditional agriculture and commercial fishing
• Trend- Aquaculture is beginning to replace
  commercial fishing

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Global Production
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US Aquaculture By Species
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How its Done
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2 Types of Aquaculture

• Polyculture-
• Several different species cultivated
• Advantages-
• Relatively environmentally friendly more
  sustainable
• Disadvantages-
• Lower production levels

• Monoculture-
• Single species cultivation
• Advantages-
• More Productive in short term, cheaper to start
  and run
• Disadvantages-
• Nutrient loading pollution leading to habitat
  destruction

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Polyculture Operation

• Here waste water is cleaned of excess nutrients
  due to fish waste by channeling it through
  aquatic plants

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Monoculture Operation

• Crab Pond

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Components of a Recirculation Aquaculture
Operation
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Tanks

• Where the fish are held
• 4 types
• Raceway
• Pond
• Cage
• Cylindrical

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Cylindrical
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Cylindrical

• Constructed of any non-corrosive, environmentally
  friendly substance, usually fiberglass, concrete
  or steel.
• Advantages- Self-cleaning
• -Water naturally flows about the outside of the
  tank, forcing solids into the center drain
• -High production
• Disadvantages-
• -Filter cleaning and fish extraction both
  cumbersome due to cylindrical shape
• -Costly to maintain due to necessary filters,
  pumps and aeration devices

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Cylindrical Tanks-Additional Components

• Closed system aquaculture, Most advanced
  expensive, productive and environmentally
  friendly
• Can include gene therapy, breeding faster growing
  fish
• Pumps- Required for circulation throughout system
  and for aeration to increase dissolved O2
• Biofilters- needed to remove dissolved waste
  (ammonia and nitrite)
• Additional holding tanks for H2O as it goes
  through various stages of treatment

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Raceway
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Raceway

• Advantages
• Made of simple materials, bricks, poured
  concrete, require little specialized labor, easy
  to expand. Built with a slight incline
• Water transfer highly efficient, water
  continually flows in and out of system
• Screens can be placed anywhere along raceway,
  dividing a single unit into two or more

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Raceways Optional Components

• Curved Bottom- Traps solids for easier extraction
  by vacuum
• Aeration pumps- Adding O2 increases ability to
  support more fish with less water, also serves to
  concentrate solid waste in specific areas
  (between pump outlets)

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Ponds
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Ponds

• Advantages
• Easiest to construct and manage
• Very productive in short term
• Disadvantages
• -Poor water quality
• -Often unsustainable
• -Environmental degradation during construction,
  continual build up of waste
• -Requires periodic draining

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Ponds Optional Components

• Wastewater pond- Nutrient rich water can be
  pumped/transferred to a holding pond for
  treatment. Typically treatment involves
  polyculture- nutrient rich water used for
  irrigation of crops.

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Cages
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Cages /4 Types

• Fixed- Soft netting attached to posts anchored in
  a lake or river.
• Cheap and easy, but requires soft bottom and
  shallow water
• Floating- Buoyant collar supports soft netting
• -Any size or shape, mobile
• Submersible- Depth variable due to variable
  buoyancy
• -Poor weather conditions are overcome by
  lowering to calmer waters
• Submerged- Anchored in riverbed
• -Takes advantage of naturally flowing water, but
  costlier and difficult to extract fish at depth

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Downfalls of Cages

• Problem- Completely integrated with natural
  environment
• Main problem of aquaculture, water quality
  degradation spreads into natural environment

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Aquaculture Overall

• Pros/Cons/Issues

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Pros

• Recent trends in production suggest that
  Aquaculture has a vast potential for alleviating
  over fishing
• The status of global fisheries dictates that
  commercial fishermen will continue to struggle-
  Aquaculture presents job opportunities.
• Natural fisheries stock enhancement?!?!?

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Cons

• Environmental degradation
• Effluent stimulates harmful bacteria
• Construction of ponds often destroys environment
• State of the art facilities are expensive and
  currently are the only systems with little
  environmental impact
• Possibility for invasive species escaping to
  natural environment
• Bioaccumulation
• Potential transformation of coastal zone

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Harmful Substances in Aquaculture
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What is Needed

• Research and development!!!!
• Policy
• No framework exists for utilization of the EEZ
  for aquaculture
• Designated sites needed
• Who owns it, who can set up operations,
  government leasing?
• No framework exists for enforcement of these
  future policies

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Future Developments

• Aquaculture / Agriculture Comparison
• Expect evolution of aquaculture to mimic that of
  traditional agriculture
• Essentially same process- Create it, Raise it,
  Sell it, Eat it
• But methods for increasing production differ
  greatly
• Aquaculture needs its own unique technological
  advancements

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Final Note

• Demand is the mother of invention
• People want to eat fish
• People will continue to eat fish
• Environmentally smart applications of new
  technologies will repair the damage we have done
  to the worlds fisheries

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The Future of NC Fisheries Management

• By Drew Thorndyke

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Fish and Shellfish Resources Are Not
Inexhaustible.

• Coastal Habitat Protection Plan (CHPP)
• NC General Assembly passed the Fisheries Reform
  act in 1997
• To protect and enhance habitats supporting
  coastal fisheries
• CRC, DMF, EMC

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Habitat defined by DMF

• a place, or set of places, in which a fish, fish
  population, or fish assemblage finds the
  physical, chemical, and biological features
  needed for life.

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Six Coastal Fish Habitats(Chapters)

• Water Column
• Wetlands
• Shell bottom
• Vegetated bottom
• Hard bottom
• Soft bottom

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Threats to Habitat

• Environmental habitat degradation.
• Marina docks and piers.
• Bottom fishing gear.
• Introduced species.

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Goals of CHPP

• Goal 1. To improve effectiveness of existing
  rules
• Educate public about reasons for management
  measures
• Increase water quality, physical habitat, and
  resource monitoring

• .

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Goal 2. Identify, designate, and protect
strategic habitat areas.
Early in 2005 plans will begin on the devolopment
of these 11 management units. Providing area
specific information and recommendations. 12-18
months to complete plans for each area
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Goal 3. Enhance and protect fish habitats.

• - Protect underwater grass beds, shell bottom,
  and ocean hard bottom from fishing gear impacts
• - Greatly expand habitat restoration

Before trawling
After Trawling
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Goal 4. Enhance and protect water quality

• Reduce point source pollution by increasing
  inspections in all aspects of sewage treatment
  plants and provide incentives for upgrading
  methods of treatment.
• Reduce non-point source pollution from
  concentrated animal farms.

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To Learn How to become a part of the CHPP process

• Go to www.ncfisheries.net
• Send an email to chpps_at_ncmail.net.
• Call 800-682-2632
• Attend regional CHPP meeting to express your
  opinions.

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The Future of NC fisheries will be greatly
affected by the CHPP

• This is a major step in the right direction.
  Hopefully it will truly support science based
  fishery management so that we can rebuild our
  declining fish and shellfish populations for the
  future.