The Eighteenth Century:

1
Chapter 5

• The Eighteenth Century
• An Age of Enlightenment

2
The Enlightenment

• Enlightenment thinkers used the scientific method
  to analyze understand all aspects of human life
• German philosopher Immanuel Kant came up with a
  motto for the Enlightenment
• Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own
  intelligence!

3
Possible Test Question

• The German philosopher Immanuel Kant proclaimed
  the motto of the Enlightenment to be
• Death to Priests!
• Convert the Kings to Peace!
• Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!
• Free Women from the Tyranny of Males!
• Dare to Know!

4
Possible Test Question

• The German philosopher Immanuel Kant proclaimed
  the motto of the Enlightenment to be
• Death to Priests!
• Convert the Kings to Peace!
• Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!
• Free Women from the Tyranny of Males!
• Dare to Know!

5
Paths to Enlightenment

• A New Skepticism
• Attacked superstition, religious intolerance, and
  dogmatism
• Skepticism about religion and growing
  secularization

6
The Philosophes and their Ideas

• Came from all walks of life
• Mostly nobility the middle class
• Paris was the capital of the Enlightenment
• Desire to change the world
• Call for a spirit of rational criticism
• 3 French Giants Montesquieu, Voltaire, and
  Diderot

7
Possible Test Question

• The French philosophes mostly included people
  from
• The nobility and the middle class.
• The lower class and the lower middle class.
• Aristocracy and nobility.
• Urban artisans and craftsmen.
• The universities.

8
Possible Test Question

• The French philosophes mostly included people
  from
• The nobility and the middle class.
• The lower class and the lower middle class.
• Aristocracy and nobility.
• Urban artisans and craftsmen.
• The universities.

9
Voltaire and the Enlightenment

• Francois-Marie Arouet, Voltaire (1694-1778)
• Best known for his criticism of religious
  intolerance
• Published a translation of Newtons Principia
  with the Marquise du Chatelet (his mistress)

10
Possible Test Question

• Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
• The German monarchical system
• The separation of church and state.
• Religious intolerance.
• Plato and the Greeks.
• Chinese civilization.

11
Possible Test Question

• Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
• The German monarchical system
• The separation of church and state.
• Religious intolerance.
• Plato and the Greeks.
• Chinese civilization.

12
Diderot and the Encyclopedia

• Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
• Encyclopedia, 28 volumes
• Many of the contributors were philosophes
• Attacked religious superstition and advocated
  toleration
• Lowered price helped to spread the ideas of the
  Enlightenment

13
Adam Smith Laissez-Faire Economics

• Adam Smith (1723-1790)
• The Wealth of Nations, 1776
• Best statement on Laissez-Faire
• Attack on mercantilism
• Condemned tariffs
• It is better to purchase a cheap product than
  produce an expensive one
• Advocate of free trade

14
Social Environment of the Philosophes

• Salons
• Place for the literate elite to meet and share
  ideas
• The Influence of Women
• Marie-Thérèse de Geoffrin (1699 1777)
• Invited encyclopedists to her salon
• Marquise du Deffand (1697 1780)
• Entertained Montesquieu, Hume, Voltaire
• Other social centers of the Enlightenment
  coffeehouses, cafes, clubs, libraries, societies

15
Innovations in Art

• Baroque-Rococo architectural style
• Balthasar Neumann (1687-1753)
• Secular and spiritual interchangeable
• Pilgrimage church of the Vierzehnheilgen
• Bishops Palace

16
Return from Cythera by Antoine Watteau
17
Vierzehnheilgen by Balthasar Neumann
18

• The Development of the Novel
• English are credited with the modern fiction
  novel
• Samuel Richardson (1689 1761)
• Wrote about characters with good virtue and
  strong morals
• Henry Fielding (1707 1754)
• Wrote about characters from the lower class who
  survived by using their wits
• The Writing of History
• Humanist historians took religion out of history
  but focused on politics
• philosophe-historians used a broader scope
  (economic, social, cultural, etc.)
• Weaknesses
• instruct and entertain
• Anti-Christianity

19
Possible Test Question

• The establishment of the modern fictional novel
  is generally attributed to the
• French.
• Russians.
• Germans.
• Italians.
• English.

20
Possible Test Question

• The establishment of the modern fictional novel
  is generally attributed to the
• French.
• Russians.
• Germans.
• Italians.
• English.

21
American Revolution!!!!

• The American Revolution was like a parent/child
  relationship.
• Taxes
• No Taxation without Representation
• The Shot Heard Round the World

22
Join, or Die Political Cartoon by Benjamin
FranklinA political cartoon calling for American
colonies to band together for protection against
Indians and the French. First published in the
Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754.
23
Causes of the American Revolutionpage 158 - 161
The 13 English Colonies Growing Discontent Early Clashes

24
Causes of the American Revolutionpage 158 - 161
The 13 English Colonies Growing Discontent Early Clashes
Part of British global trade Mercantilist policies Navigation Acts regulated colonial trade Colonists felt entitled to the rights of English citizens
25
Causes of the American Revolutionpage 158 - 161
The 13 English Colonies Growing Discontent Early Clashes
Part of British global trade Mercantilist policies Navigation Acts regulated colonial trade Colonists felt entitled to the rights of English citizens French and Indian War drained British treasury. Britain passed and enforced new tax law on the colonists No taxation without representation.
26
Causes of the American Revolutionpage 158 - 161
The 13 English Colonies Growing Discontent Early Clashes
Part of British global trade Mercantilist policies Navigation Acts regulated colonial trade Colonists felt entitled to the rights of English citizens French and Indian War drained British treasury. Britain passed and enforced new tax law on the colonists No taxation without representation. Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Punitive laws passed by British to punish colonists Continental Congress with representatives from all 13 colonies