Blood

1
Blood
Artery
White blood cells
Platelets
Red blood cells
2
Function of Blood

• Deliver O2
• Remove metabolic wastes
• Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
• Protection from blood loss- platelets
• Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
• Transport hormones

3
The Blood
plasma
55
45
formed elements
4
Blood Plasma Components- 55

• 90 Water
• 8 Solutes
• Proteins
• Albumin (60 )
• Alpha and Beta Globulins
• Gamma Globulins
• fibrinogens
• Gas
• Electrolytes

5
Blood Plasma Components

• Organic Nutrients
• Carbohydrates
• Amino Acids
• Lipids
• Vitamins
• Hormones
• Metabolic waste
• CO2
• Urea

6
Formed Elements of the Blood- 45

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Thrombocytes (platelets)

7
Erythrocytes
8
Erythrocyte?7.5?m in dia    Anucleate- so can't
reproduce however, repro in red bone marrow   
Hematopoiesis- production of RBC    Function-
transport respiratory gases    Hemoglobin-
quaternary structure, 2 ? chains and 2 ?
chains    Lack mitochondria. Why?   1 RBC
contains 250 million hemoglobin
molecules    Men- 5 million cells/mm3    Women-
4.5 million cells/mm3    Life span 100-120 days
and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
9
Hemoglobin
10
RBC Diseases
Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity
insufficient RBC or iron deficiency. Factors that
can cause anemia- exercise, B12 deficiency
11
RBC Diseases

• Sickle-cell anemia-
• HbS results from a change in just one of the 287
  amino acids in the ? chain in the globin
  molecule.
• Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans.
• Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in
  malaria infested countries, the heterozygous
  condition is beneficial.

12
Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia
Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia
13
RBC Diseases

• Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes, ? viscosity
  of blood
• 8-11 million cells/mm3
• Usually caused by cancer however, naturally
  occurs at high elevations
• Blood doping- in athletes?remove blood 2 days
  before event and then replace it- banned by
  Olympics.

14
Types of Leukocytes
4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3
Never let monkeys eat bananas

• Granulocytes
• Neutrophils- 40-70
• Eosinophils- 1-4
• Basophils- lt1
• Agranulocytes
• Monocytes- 4-8
• Lymphocytes- 20-45

15
Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
platelet
Neutrophil
Monocyte
16
ID WBCs
17
Blood Cell Production
18
Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall
19
WBC Diseases
Lukemia- too high WBC Leukocytosis- suppresses
normal bone marrow function abnormally high
WBC Leukopenia- too few WBC commonly induced by
drugs, and anticancer agents Mononucleosis-
highly contagious viral disease caused by
Epstein-Barr virus excessive of agranulocytes
fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks
20
Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding
Platelets 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3
Tissue Damage
21
Hemostasis

1. Vessel injury

2. Vascular spasm
3. Platelet plug formation
4. Coagulation
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
Hemostasis( feedback)
Traps RBC platelets
Platelets release thromboplastin
25
Blood Clot
RBC
Platelet
Fibrin thread
26
Blood Types
Type A Type B Type AB Type O
27
Blood Typing
Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major
antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood
type Antigen Antibody A A
anti-B B B anti-A A B
AB no anti body Neither A or B
O anti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the
surface of a RBC membrane Antibody-
proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are
made in response to the presence of
antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which
result in clumping (agglutination)
28
Type A
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
29
Type B
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
30
Type O
Y
Y
Y
b
Y
b
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
a
b
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
a
a
a
31
Type AB
32
Rh Factor and Pregnancy
RH indicates protein
RH indicates protein
RH- indicates no protein
33
Rh Factor and Pregnancy
Rh mother w/Rh- baby no problem Rh- mother
w/Rh baby problem Rh- mother w/Rh- father no
problem Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem
RhoGAM used _at_ 28 weeks
34
(No Transcript)
35
INQUIRY

1. What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and
   thrombocyte?
2. What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white
   cells?
3. What dietary component is needed for the
   production of red blood cells?
4. The largest cells in the blood that leave the
   bloodstream to become macrophages are ____.
5. In an acute infection, the white cell count would
   show as ______.
6. Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as
   hemolytic newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers
   carrying ____ fetuses.
7. What antigens and antibodies found on AB red
   cells?
8. In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a
   type O person?