??? ECOLOGY

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???ECOLOGY

• ???? ???(???B309)
• ??84395104
• E-mail liumq_at_njau.edu.cn

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• 2007?,?????????????????????????????????????,???
  ??????????????

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• ????????????????????????????? An Inconvenient
  TruthI Need to Wake Up

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20????????????????????,????????????????,??
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• ???(ECOLOGY)??,?????oikos logos,?????????
  ??????
• ?????,???????????????????????????

??????economics????ecology????,???? ????????
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?????

• ???????????????(Haeckel, 1866)
• ?????????(Elton,1927)
• ??????????????(Odum, 1959)
• ???????????????????(Krebs, 1972, 2001)
• ??????????????????(???)?

• Study of interactions between organisms and their
  environment (Derived from Haeckel,1866).

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???????

• ??? biosphere
• ?? Landscapes
• ???? Ecosystems
• ?? Communities
• ?? Populations
• ?? Individuals
• ?? Organs
• ?? Tissues
• ?? Cells
• ?? Molecules

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• ???(Biological)
• ???????????
• ???(Spatial)
• ??????????
• ???(Temporal)
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Translated from Smith Smith,1998
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• ????????(16????)
• ????????(17???19??)
• ????????(20????20??50??)
• ???????(20??60????)

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• ????????????,??????(natural history)?
• ????????,?????,?????????????????

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• ??17??,??????????????????????????
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• Malthus(1798), Humboldt(1807), Verhulst(1838),
  Liebig(1840), Darwin(1859), Haeckel(1866) ,
  Warming(1895), Schimper(1898)

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• ??????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????(?1913,?1916)?(3)???????
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• ??????(??)????????(?????)???????????????
  ??????????
• Clements(1916,1929), Lotka(1925),
  Tansley(1911,1923,1935), Elton(1927),
  Shelford(1929), Linderman(1942), Allee(1949)

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• ??1960s ????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????
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• a) ????????
• b) ????????????
• c) ??????????
• d) ???????

60??,???????????(?????????????????)????,??????
????????????????????????????????
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???(??)
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• ??????
• ??? Theoretical
• ??? Laboratory
• ??? Field
• ???????????,??????
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??????????????MacArthur(1958)???
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????????Nadkarni????????????
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?????? Naeem Li??????????????

• ? ? Biological Insurance - a widely observed
  process
• ? ? Ecosystem Reliability should increase when
  the number of species (S) per functional group
  (F) increase
• ???? Food web construction
• ???? Model ecosystems - 318 microbial microcosms
  (10X2.5cm)
• ???? Full-factorial, three-way analysis of ANOVA
• ? ? Support the biological insurance hypothesis
  for biodiversity.

See Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability.
Nature 390507-509
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???? ????
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??????????
Also See Henderson P. A. 2003. Practical Methods
in Ecology. Blackwell Science Ltd.
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??????

• ????. 2000. ???. ???????.
• ???, ???, ???, ???. 2003. ?????. ???????.
• ???,???,???,???. 2001 ???.?????.
• ?????. 2000. ???????. ?????.
• ????. 2005. ????????(Principles of terrestrial
  ecosystem ecology). ???????.

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• Smith R.T. and Smith T.M. 1998. Elements of
  Ecology. 4th ed. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
• Molles M.C. 1999. Ecology Concepts and
  Applications. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• Krohne D.T. 2001. General Ecology. 2nd ed.
  Brooks/Cole.
• Mackenzie, A., A.S. Ball, S.R. Virde. 2001.
  Instant Notes in Ecology. 2nd ed. BIOS
  Scientific Publishers Limited.
• Kerbs, C.J. 2001. EcologyThe Experimental
  analysis of Distribution and Abundance. 5th ed.
  Benjamin Cummings.

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• ????3????????

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? ? ???? ?????(2) ???? ??????(3 4
5) ???? ???????(6 7) ???? ????(9 10 11 12 13)
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• ??(Evolution)???????????????
• ???????????
• ???(Immediate)
• ???(Ultimate),??????????

???????DobzhanskyNothing in biology makes sense
except in the light of evolution.
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• ???, ?????????
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• ??????????????????,???????????????????,??????????
  ,????????????????????????????(??,1998)?

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?????(??)

• ????(Genetic drift)
• ????(Gene flow)
• ????(Natural selection)
• ?????????(??)?????????
• ???????????????????

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Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
???????????? ?????????!
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1. ??,????????????????????
2. ????????????,?????????
3. ??????????????????????
4. ?????(???)?????????,??????????????????

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• ????

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???????

1. ?????(Stabilizing selection)
2. ?????(Directional selection)
3. ????? (Disruptive selection)

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?????
??????4????(3.2-4.8kg),?????????????
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?????
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?????
???? ????? (Pyrenestes ostrinus)
?????????????,??????2???,?????????? See Smith,
T. B.1990. Evolution 44 832-842.
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• ??(Mimicry)??????????????????????????
• ????(Coevolution) ????A?????????B??,???B????????A
  ?

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• ?????????????????????,?????????-???????-????,?
  ???,?????????????????,?????????

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