Chapter Two: Life Span Development

1
Chapter TwoLife Span Development

• Module Four
• Prenatal and Childhood Development

2
The Beginnings of LifePrenatal Development

• Prenatal defined as before birth
• Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with
  the birth of the child.

• Zygote
• A newly fertilized egg
• The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell
  division.
• Attaches to the mothers uterine wall
• At the end of 14 days becomes an embryo

3
Prenatal Development
4
Embryo and Fetus

• Developing human from about 14 days until the end
  of the eighth week
• Most of the major organs are formed during this
  time.
• At the end of the eight week the fetal period
  begins.
• Fetal Period
• The period between the beginning of the ninth
  week until birth

5
Prenatal Development 45 Days
6
Prenatal Development 2 months
7
Placenta

• A cushion of cells in the mother by which the
  fetus receives oxygen and nutrition
• Acts as a filter to screen out substances that
  could harm the fetus

8
(No Transcript)
9
Teratogens

• Substances that pass through the placentas
  screen and prevent the fetus from developing
  normally
• Includes radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses,
  drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

10
Cleft Palates caused by teratogensScientists
have investigated seasonal causes (such as
pesticide exposure) maternal diet and vitamin
intake retinoids, (vitamin A family)
anticonvulsant drugs alcohol cigarette use
nitrate compounds organic solvents parental
exposure to lead and illegal drugs (cocaine,
crack cocaine, heroin, etc.) as teratogens.
11
Some examples

• Smoking
• Abnormal fetus heartbeat, premature birth,
  misscarraige.
• Alcohol
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome physical and mental
  deformities, brain damage.
• STDs
• Mental retardation, blindness.

12
(No Transcript)
13
Smoking and Birth Weight
14
Assignment

• Three paragraph (5-7 sentences each) paper on
  abortion.
• 1st paragraph
• When would you say life begins and why?
• 2nd paragraph
• Describe what abortion is and the issues it
  causes in society (pro-life, pro-choice)
• 3rd paragraph
• What is your stance on this hot issue and why?

15
The Beginnings of LifeThe Newborn
16
Crazy Reflexes!!!

• Can do different things at different times
• Hold up head, roll over, crawl, stand while
  holding on, walk while holding on, walk, run,
  etc.

• Rooting Reflex
• Infants tendency, when touched on the cheek, to
  move their face in the direction of the touch and
  open their mouth
• Is an automatic, unlearned response
• Child is looking for nourishment.

17
Temperament

• A persons characteristic emotional reactivity
  and intensity
• A child might be
• An easy or difficult baby
• Temperament shown in infancy appears to carry
  through a persons life.

18
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood

• Infant First year
• Toddler From about 1 year to 3 years of age
• Child Span between toddler and teen
• Maturation
• Biological growth processes that enable orderly
  changes in behavior.

19
The Developing Brain Neural Development
20

• Motor
• Development
• Includes all physical skills and muscular
  coordination

21

• Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
  Piagets Cognitive Stages

• Cognition
• All the mental activities associated with
  thinking, knowing, and remembering
• Children think differently than adults do

22
Jean Piaget (pee-ah-ZHAY)

• Developmental psychologist who introduced a stage
  theory of cognitive development
• Proposed a theory consisting of four stages of
  cognitive development

23
Schemas

• Concepts or mental frameworks that people use to
  organize and interpret information
• Sometimes called schemes
• A persons picture of the world
• Ex how does a hungry child get food?

24
Accommodation Assimilation

• Adapting ones current understandings to
  incorporate new info
• The new experience is so novel the persons
  schemata must be changed to accommodate
  it

• Interpreting ones new experiences in terms of
  ones existing schemas
• The new experience is similar to other
  previous experiences

25
Assimilation/Accommodation
26
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development1
Sensorimotor Stage

• Piagets first stage of cognitive development
• From birth to about age two
• Child gathers information about the world through
  senses and motor functions
• By looking, touching, feeling, tasting, etc.
• Child learns object permanence

27
Object Permanence

• The awareness that things continue to exist even
  when they cannot be sensed
• Out of sight, out of mind

28
2 Preoperational ConservationStage

• Piagets second stage of cognitive development
• From about age 2 to age 6 or 7
• Children can understand language but not
  logic

• An understanding that certain proprieties remain
  constant despite changes in their form.
• The properties can include mass, volume, and
  numbers.

29
Conservation
30
Types of Conservation Tasks
31
3. Concrete Egocentrism
Operational Stage

• Piagets third stage of cognitive development
• From about age 7 to 11
• Child learns to think logically and
  understands conservation

• The childs inability to take another persons
  point of view.
• Includes a childs inability to understand that
  symbols can represent other objects.

32
4 Formal Operational Stage

• Piagets fourth and last stage of cognitive
  development
• Child can think logically and in the abstract
• About age 12 on up
• Can solve hypothetical problems (What if.
  problems)

33
Assessing Piagets Theory

• Piaget underestimated the childs ability at
  various ages.
• Piagets theory doesnt take into account culture
  and social differences.

34
Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

• Stranger Anxiety
• The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8
  months of age

35
Attachment

• An emotional tie with another person resulting in
  seeking closeness
• Children develop strong attachments to their
  parents and caregivers.

• 3 forms
• Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness
  all contribute to attachment.

36
Body Contact Harry Harlow

• Researched infant monkeys.
• Will they like the soft mommy or the wire mommy
  with the food?
• The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth
  mother.

37
Harry Harlow
38
Harlows Study
39
Familiarity

• Sense of contentment with that which is already
  known
• Infants are familiar with their parents and
  caregivers.

40
Imprinting and Critical Period

• A process by which certain animals, early in
  life, form attachments
• The imprinted behavior develops within a critical
  period
• An optimal period when the organisms exposure to
  certain stimuli produce the imprinted behavior.
• Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting.
• What happens when baby goslings are born?
• Who do they follow?
• Goslings are imprinted to follow the first large
  moving object they see.

41
Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
42
Parenting Patterns

• Responsiveness
• Responsive parents are aware of what their
  children are doing.
• Unresponsive parents ignore their
  children--helping only when they want to.

• Securely or Insecurely Attached
• Securely attached children will explore their
  environment when primary caregiver is present
• Insecurely attached children will appear
  distressed and cry when caregiver leaves. Will
  cling to them when they return

43
Attachment
44
Effects of Attachment

• Secure attachment predicts social competence.
• Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative
  outcome.
• A responsive environment helps most infants
  recover from attachment disruption.

45
Parental Patterns

• Daumrinds three main parenting styles
• Authoritarian parenting
• Permissive parenting
• Authoritative parenting

• Authoritarian Parenting
• Low in warmth
• Discipline is strict and sometimes physical.
• Communication high from parent to child and low
  from child to parent
• Maturity expectations are high.

46
Permissive Authoritative Parenting Parenting

• High in warmth but rarely discipline
• Communication is low from parent to child but
  high from child to parent.
• Expectations of maturity are low.

• High in warmth with moderate discipline
• High in communication and negotiating
• Parents set and explain rules.
• Maturity expectations are moderate.

47
Parenting Styles
48
3 Key Development Issues

• Continuity and stages
• How much of behavior is continuous and how much
  follows a more stage like development?

49
Types of Growth Patterns
50
Stability Natureand Change and Nurture

• What developmental traits remain stable over
  time, and which change?

• How much of our behavior is due to nature and how
  much is due to nurture?
• How do nature and nurture interact in development?