ENERGY AND PROTEIN NUTRITION OF TRANSITION DAIRY COWS Jos

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ENERGY AND PROTEIN NUTRITION OFTRANSITION DAIRY
COWS José Eduardo P. SantosVeterinary
Medicine Teaching and Research Center School of
Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California -
Davis
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Grouping Dry Cows

• Dry period
• Far off
• Close up
• Several metabolic and endocrine changes taking
  place associated with different nutrient
  requirements
• Parity
• Primiparous
• Multiparous
• Social interaction, competition, and different
  nutrient requirements

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Four Major Tasks Must be Achieved During the
Transition Period

• Adapt the rumen to a high energy diet
• Rumen papillae and microflora
• Minimize the degree of negative EB
• Maintain normocalcemia
• Reduce the degree of immunosuppression around
  parturition

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Dietary Energy Concentration, Papillae Surface
Area and Rate of VFA Absorption (Dirksen et al.,
1985)
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Adapted from Hayirili, 1998
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Energy for Prepartum Cows
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Correlation between individual week prepartum DMI
and postpartum DMI
Putnam et al., (1997), Dann et al, 1999
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Manipulation of Energy Content of the Diet

• Utilize better quality forages
• Ratio forageconcentrate
• Increase the level of NFC in the diet
• Supply a CHO source with greater rumen
  digestibility
• Add fat to the diet

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Interaction Between Parity and Prepartum Dietary
Fat on DMI (Hayirli et al., 1999)
P lt 0.001
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Interaction Between Concentration of Dietary Fat
and NDF on Prepartum DMI (Hayirli et al., 1999)
P lt 0.001
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Prepartum DMI
x 1.88
13.6 vs 14.6 kg DMI Plt0.12
SE 0.06
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Prepartum Treatment Effect on Milk Production
1.90 kg milk
Pre P 0.08
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What about twin pregnancy and nutrient
requirements?
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Protein for Prepartum Cows

• NRC (1989) may underestimate protein requirements
  of close-up cows (Goff and Horst, 1998 Van Saun
  and Sniffen, 1996 Van Saun et al., 1993).
• Curtis et al. (1985) concluded that close-up cows
  receiving diets with more than 11 CP had less
  RFM and ketosis

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• Amino acid requirements for fetal growth and for
  synthesis of colostrum may deplete maternal
  protein reserves
• Amino acids can be used as gluconeogenic
  precursors
• Enhance complete oxidation of FA by the hepatic
  tissue
• Reduce TG infiltration into the liver
• Reduce ketogenesis

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Nitrogen balance
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Effect of Prepartum Dietary Protein Content on
Lactation Performance of Dairy Cows (Santos et
al., 2001)
TRT x Parity P lt 0.05
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Recommendations

• 2 groups of dry cows far off and a close up
• Group primiparous separated from multiparous cows
• Social interaction
• Different nutrient requirements
• Feed a more nutrient dense diet during the close
  up period
• High quality forage (low K for close ups)
• High NFC diet
• Grain source of high rumen digestibility
• Fat ?

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• 12 CP (35 RUP) prepartum seems adequate to
  multiparous cows
• Primiparous cows should be fed diets with 14 to
  15 CP
• Consider using a high RUP source to increase CP
  and to raise RUP to 38 to 40 of the total CP
• Avoid extreme nutritional changes during
  transition
• Maximize DMI

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Minerals and Vitamins

• Macro minerals
• Ca, P, Mg, K, S, Na, and Cl
• Trace minerals
• Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Co, and I
• Fat Soluble Vitamins
• A, D, and E
• Water Soluble Vitamins (?)
• Vitamins B (thiamin, biotin, niacin, etc)
• Vitamin C

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