????????? ??S? (s????e?a ?a? t????)

1
????????? ??S? (s????e?a ?a? t????)
       
 
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?S?????? ???????? (1/3)
? Comenius (1592 - 1670), t???se t??
a?a??a??t?ta ?a? t?? ?d?a?te?? a??a t?? ep?pte?a?
?a? d??a?a ?e??e?ta? ? pat??a? t?? ep?pt????
d?das?a??a?S?µa?t???? ?p?st????t?? ?a?
?eµe???t?? t?? ????? t?? ?p?pte?a?- Rousseau
(1721 - 1778) - Pestalozzi (1746 - 1827) ?
?p???? a?a?????se t?? ep?pte?a ?? t??
sp??da??te?? ßas??? a??? t?? d?das?a??a? ?a? t?
?eµ???? ???e p?a?t???? ???s?? - Herbart (1776 -
1841) - Fröbel (1782 - 1852) µe t?? ep?d?as?
t?? ?p???? ? ep?pt??? d?das?a??a a????e? ?a
???eta? e?e???t???
?? e??a? ? ep?pte?a
? ? ?p?pte?a a) ??????e?t??? e??a? ? ?pt???
a?apa??stas? e??? a?t??e?µ???? ß) ap?
?????????? ?a? d?da?t??? ?p??? d????e? t??
a?t????? p?? s??µat??eta? ap? t?? e?t?p?se?? t??
d?af???? a?s??se?? ?a? t?? es?te???? ?ata???s?
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?S?????? ???????? (2/3)
? ?pa????ta? st? 1900 µa?? µe t?? ???? t??
?p?pte?a? p??ß???eta? ?a? ?p?st????eta? ?a? ?
???? t?? ??te????e?a?, ? ?p??a e??e ??
?e?t???? ?d?a t?? a?s??t???a?? ?s??s? t?? µa??t??
? ?p??tas? t?? pa?at???s?? p?? af??e? t? pa?d?
pa??t??? ?a? ???s? pe??aµ?t??, p?? d??e? p????
st? pa?d? e?e???t??? ????

• ? ??p??s?p?? t?? a?t?? t?? a???? e??a? ??
• Kerschenstein, Gauding, Scheibner, e?p??s?p??
  t?? s???e??? e??as?a? st? Ge?µa??a
• Dewey, Parkhurst, e?p??s?p?? t?? p???de?t????
  pa?de?a? st?? ?µe????
• Decroly, Cousinet, Freinet, e?p??s?p?? t?? ??a?
  ?????? st?? Ga???f??e? ???e? (e?e???t????
  µ???d?? ?a? e?e???e?? ap? e?pa?de?s? e???????)
• Montessori, ?ta??da ??at??? ?a? pa?da?????

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?S?????? ???????? (3/3)
? ?et? t? 1950 ???? st?? p???d? t?? te???????a?
a?apt?????a? ?a? d?ad????a? ta ??sa ?a?????
?p????????a? (t??e??as? - ?ad??f???) ? St??
a??? ? pa?da?????? ap?stas??p??????e ap? t??
e?????? ?a??? ?? d?s?a??? de? ?ß?epa? d??at?t?ta
a???p???s?? t?? te?????? a?t?? ?e?te??sµ??
st?? e?pa?de?s? ?a? t? d?das?a??a ? ?p? t? 1965
?a? µet? eµfa???eta? µ?a ???t??? st?s? ap??a?t?
sta ??? ??a ??? ?a? t?? ??pa?de?t??? ?e???????a
ta ?e????µe apa?a?t?ta ??a 1. t?? eµp???t?sµ?
t?? d?das?a??a? ?a? 2. t?? a???s? t??
ap?te?esµat???t?t?? t?? µ??? st? ßa?µ? p?? de?
?atad??????? t?? µa??t? se pa??t??? st?s? ?a?
????t? ap?d??? ?s?? p??sf?????  ? ?? e??a?
? e?pa?de?t??? te???????a (p??ß??µat?sµ??)
? ? ??pa?de?t??? ?e???????a e??a? ? d?das?a??a
p?? ???µ??eta? ????? ? µe???? ap? te????? µ?sa
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?a????µ?s? t?? ??da?t???? ??s??
? ?? p??te? p??sp??e?e? s?st?µat???? µe??t?? ?a?
ta????µ?s?? t?? ?? ????sa? st? de?aet?a 1960
(????t?a ?e???t???) ? ?? ep?st?µ??e? t??
d?da?t???? µe??d?????a? eped???a? ?a d?a????s???
ta d??f??a pa?ad?s?a?? ?a? ?pt???a???st??? µ?sa
?a? ?a d?µ??????s??? ??a? a?e???t?t? ???d?
d?da?t???? ? ?µ?? e?d?af???? ??a t?? ta????µ?s?
t?? ?? de? ?de??a? µ??? ?? ep?st?µ??e? a??? ?a?
?? pa?a????? t?? µ?s?? d?das?a??a? ?a? ?? e?p/???
p?? ??s?ast??? ta ???s?µ?p????sa? ? ??
e?d?af???? ?? p??? ta µ?sa d?das?a??a? ap??t?se
µ?a te????????? d??stas? ?a? ?pa?e ?a e??a?
?a?a?? ?e???t???
? St?? s????e?a ?a pa???s?ast??? 4 d?af??et????
ta????µ?se?? t?? ??da?t???? ??s?? 1. ? ?????
t?? eµpe???a?, 2. ?a ?pt???a???st??? µ?sa
d?das?a??a? µ???s??, 3. ?? S?s?e??? ?a? t?
????sµ??? ?a? ta 4. ?p??s?pa ?a? ta ???s?p???
µ?sa d?das?a??a?
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1. ? ????? t?? eµpe???a?
? ? ????? t?? ?µpe???a? t?? Edgar Dale e??a? ?
p?? ???st? ta????µ?s? t?? µ?s?? d?das?a??a?   ?
? ?e???t??? t?? ß?s? e??a? ?? d?af??et???? µ??f??
eµpe???a?, d??ad? ? ?µes? eµpe???a, ? eµpe???a
t?? e?????? ?a? ? eµpe???a t?? s?µß????
? ? ????? t?? ?µpe???a? - ß???? t?? d?s?a?? ?a
p??sd????se? p?s? ?µes? e??a? ? eµpe???a e???
s???e???µ???? µ?s?? d?das?a??a? - µ???s??,   -
d??e? t? ?e???? a?t?st????s? eµpe???a? -
µ???s?? - ?µes? eµpe???a - µ???s? µe d??s?,
- eµpe???a e?????? - µ???s? µe pa?at???s?, -
eµpe???a s?µß???? - µ???s? µe e????s?, ????? ?a
?a??d??e? t?? pa?da???? st? ?a d?a???e? t?
?ata?????te?? µ?s? t? ?p??? e??p??ete? t???
s???e???µ????? s??p??? ???e f??? (e?e??e??a ??
p??? t?? t??p? d?das?a??a?)
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1. ? ????? t?? eµpe???a? t?? DALE
??a?µat?p???s? t?? d?ad??as?a?
???s?µ???s? t?? d?ad??as?a?
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2. ?a ?pt???a???st??? µ?sa d?das?a??a? µ???s??
? ?a ?pt???a???st??? µ?sa d?das?a??a? µ???s??
e??a? ? ta????µ?s? p?? ???eta? µe ß?s? ta d??f??a
a?s??t???a ???a?a ? ?a d??f??a µ?sa d?das?a??a?
???????ta? se 4 ?at?????e??pt???, a???st???,
?pt???a???st???, ????? a?s??se??? ? ?at?ta??
t?? µ?s?? s a?t?? t?? ?at?????e? e??a? s?µa?t???
?a??? ?p?? ????????µe ?? d??at?t?te? t?? d??f????
a?s??se?? p???????? s?µa?t???
? ??e??e? ????? de??e? ta pa?a??t? p?s?st? ??a
t? s?µµet??? t?? a?s??se?? st?? a?t????? t??
pe??ß?????t?? 83 ??as? 11 a???
3,5 ?sf??s? 1,5 af? 1
?e?s?   ? Ta ?pt??? ?a? a???st??? µ?sa e??a? p???
s?µa?t???? pa?????te? st? d?das?a??a
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2. ?a ?pt???a???st??? µ?sa d?das?a??a? µ???s??
?pt???(s?ed?a???µµata, e????e? s?µß??a)
????st???(µa???t?ta???e?, d?s???, ?ad??f??????
e?p?µp??)
?pt???a???st???(????µat???af???? ta???e?,
e?pa?de?t??? t??e??as?)
????? a?s??se??-apt???- ?sf??t???
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2. ?a ?pt???a???st??? µ?sa d?das?a??a?
? ???? ?a? ??as? ?e?t??????? µa?? st? d?ad??as?a
t?? µ???s?? ? ?a µ?sa p?? ???s?µ?p??e? ? e?p/???
se a?t? t?? pe??pt?s? e??a? ta ?pt???a???st???
(p.?. ????µat???af???? ta???e?, t??e?pt????
p??ß????
? ???S??? ta ?pt???a???st??? µ?sa s?µp????????
t? ???? t?? das????? ?a? se ?aµ?? pe??pt?s? de?
?a p??pe? ?a t?? a?t??a??st??? ? ??a p??ß???
µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? - ??a ?a de??e? ??a
t??p? ?atas?e??? - ??a ?a ???e? µ?a e?sa???? se
µ?a ??a d?da?t??? e??t?ta - ??a ?a ???e?
a?a?efa?a??s? t?? pe??e??µ???? t?? a?a??t????
p?????µµat?? p?? ??e? d?da??e? - ??a ?a
t???st??? ta ????a s?µe?a µ?a? e??t?ta?

• ? S?µa?t??? st???e?a - ?? p??ß???? ?a
  s??d???ta? ?µesa µe t??? st????? t?? µa??µat??
• ? e?p/??? ?a ??e? t?? ??e??? t?? p??ß???? ?ste
  ?a pa?eµßa??e??ta? ????e? a?a??a??- ?a
  p??et??µ????ta? ?? µa??t?? ??a t?? p??ß??? ?a? ?a
  a??????e? ep????d?µ?t??? s???t?s? µet? t? t????
  t??

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3. ?? S?s?e??? ?a? t? ????sµ???
? ?? S?s?e??? ?a? t? ????sµ???. ? ?? ????? p??
?d???sa? st? d?µ??????a a?t?? t?? ta????µ?s??
t?? µ?s?? d?das?a??a? e??a? a. ? p???d?? t??
e?pa?de?t???? te???????a? ?a? ß. ? ?atas?e??
???? te?????? s?s?e??? ?a? µ??a??? µ???s??
? G?a ?a ????µe µ?s? d?das?a??a? ??e?a??µaste ?a?
ta d?? µ???, a. t?? s?s?e??? ?a? ß. t?
????sµ??? ? ?? ??a e??a? apa?a?t?t? s?µp????µa
t?? ?????   ? S??µat??? ? ta????µ?s? a?t?
ape??????eta? ?? e???
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3. ?? S?s?e??? ?a? t? ????sµ???
??sa d?das?a??a?
????sµ???(?ata??af?? se ????? software)
S?s?e???(???a????? e??p??sµ??)
?? p??ßa???µe?a(d?a???µµata, ?e??????af?e?)
???ßa???µe?a(ta???e?, d?af??e?e?, e????e?)
???a?a pa?at???s?? ?a? pe??aµat?sµ??(ß??t?µet??,
µ????s??p??, d?aß?t??)
???a??? p??ß????(s?ed?a???µµata, e????e? s?µß??a)
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4. ?p??s?pa ?a? ???s?p??? µ?sa d?das?a??a?
? ?? pa?ap??? t?e?? ta????µ?se?? ß?????? s ??a
ßa?µ? t?? e?p/?? - ?a ep????e? s?st? ?a? - ?a
???s?µ?p???se? ap?te?esµat??? ta d??f??a µ?sa
?ta? p??et??µ??e? ? d?e???e? t? d?das?a??a
t??   ? ??e???eta? µ?a a?a??t??? pe????af? t??
sp??da??te??? µ?s?? ep????????a?, d?das?a??a? ?a?
µ???s?? µe t?? d??at?t?te? ???s?µ?p???s?? t???,
ta p?e??e?t?µata ?a? ta µe???e?t?µat? t???   ?
??a t?t??a p??sp??e?a a?a??t???? pa???s?as?? t??
?? ap?te?e? ? a??????? ta????µ?s?
? St?? ta????µ?s? a?t? ?? ???t???? ?e??e?ta? ?
f???a? t?? µ?s?? 1. ???s?p??? ?a? 2.
?p??s?pa
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4. ?p??s?pa ?a? ???s?p??? µ?sa d?das?a??a?
? O? p??s?p??? µ?sa ??????ta? ??a ta µ?sa p??
????? ?? f???a ??a p??s?p? (d?s?a??? - µa??t??)
?a? ???????ta? se a. S???eta, ß. ?e?t???
?a? ?. ?? ?e?t??? 
? O? ap??s?pa µ?sa ??????ta? e?e??a p?? ????? ??
f???a ??a a?t??e?µe?? ? ??a te????? µ?s? ?a?
???????ta? se a. ?p?pt???, ß.
?pt???a???st??? ?a? ?. S??????? e?pa?de?t???
te???????a ? S??µat??? ? ta????µ?s? a?t?
ape??????eta? ?? e???
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4. ?p??s?pa ?a? ???s?p??? µ?sa d?das?a??a?
??sa d?das?a??a? ep????????a? ?a? µ???s??
???s?p??? ??sa
?? ?e?t???(?e???? eµf???s?, p??s?p?, ß??µµa,
?e?????µ?e?)
?e?t???(???ssa, µ????????, d???????)
S???eta (d?aµat?p???s?)
?p??s?pa ??sa
S??????? e?pa?de?t??? te???????a
?p?pt??? ?a? ?pt???a???st???
??a?µat??? a?t??e?µe?a(e?d??µ??,s???????
??p??, s???????)
?p?µ?µ?se??(pe???µata, d?da?t??? pa????d?a)
?pe?????se??(p?a?µat????, s?µß??????,
s??µat????)
????(a???st??? µ?sa, ?ad??f???, µa???t?f???)
S?µß??a(??sa pa???s?as?? s?µß????, ???te?,
p??a?e?, ß?ß??a)
16
S??????? e?pa?de?t??? te???????a
?p??s?pa ??sa
S??????? e?pa?de?t??? te???????a
??e?t??????? ?p?????st??
?????aµµat?sµ??? d?das?a??a(a. ??aµµ???,
ß.d?a??ad?t?)
?  ? p????aµµat?sµ??? d?das?a??a   ? ?
p????aµµat?sµ??? d?das?a??a ? p????aµµat?sµ???
µ???s? e??a? µ?a µ??f? a?t?d?das?a??a?, p??
st????eta? se ??a d?da?t??? p????aµµa p??
ap?te?e?ta? ap? p??a p???? µ???? ß?µata, ta
p?a?s?a (frames) ? ???e p?a?s?? d??e? ???sµ??e?
p????f???e? st? µa??t? ?a? t?? ?a?e? ?a apa?t?se?
se µ?a e??t?s? ? ?? ? µa??t?? d?se? t? s?st?
ap??t?s?, p?????e? st? ep?µe?? ß?µa
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?????aµµat?sµ??? d?das?a??a
? ?a ????a ?a?a?t???st??? t?? p????aµµat?sµ????
d?das?a??a? e??a?          ? ?? te????? ?a? ??
ep?µ????? st???? t?? p?????µµat?? e??a? ap???ta
s???e???µ???? ?a? d?at?p????ta? µe saf??e?a
     ? ?? p????aµµa pe????e? µ?a ??????
d?a????µ??? a????????a ß?µ?t??      ? ?a
d?ad????? ß?µata e??a? p??? µ????, ?ste ?a
µe???eta? st? e????st? ? ?a ap???e?eta? ?
p??a??t?ta ?a apa?t?se? ????? ? µa??t??      ?
? s?st? ap??t?s? t?? µa??t? ep?ßeßa???eta? ??
?ts? e??s??eta? ? s?µpe??f??? t??      ? ?
µa??t?? p?????e? st? ep?µe?? ß?µa ?a? p??s???e?
s??e??? t?? te???? st??? µe ß?s? t?? ???se?? p??
ap??t?
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???f?? p????aµµat?sµ???? d?das?a??a? a. G?aµµ???
? a. ?? e?????aµµ? ? ??aµµ??? p????aµµa (Iinear)
- ep???????e ap? t? Skinner ?a? ap?te?e?ta? ap?
µ?a ap?? se??? p?a?s??? ? ? µa??t?? ta a??????e?
?a? p?????e? se e??e?a ??aµµ? p??? t?? te????
st???. ???e d?da?t??? ß?µa pe???aµß??e? 4
st???e?a 1) µ?a p????f???a, 2) µ?a e??t?s?,
3) ??a ?e?? ??a ?a d??e? ? ap??t?s? ap? t?
µa??t?, ?a? 4) t? s?st? ap??t?s?
? ?ta? ? µa??t?? epe?e??aste? t? p??t? ß?µa,
p?????e? µe t? se??? sta ep?µe?a, µ???? ?a
?????????e? t? p????aµµa? ? d?s????a t??
ß?µ?t?? e??a? t?t??a, ?ste ???e µa??t?? ?a µp??e?
?a apa?t?se? s?st? st? 90-95 t?? e??t?se??
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???f?? p????aµµat?sµ???? d?das?a??a? - ß.
??a??ad?t? ? d?a??ad?sµ??? (branching)
? ?p???????e ap? t?? Crowder? ?a p?a?s?a e??a?
µe?a??te?a ?a? a?????????ta? ap? t?e?? ?
pe??ss?te?e? apa?t?se?? (µ??f? e??t?se??
p???ap??? e??????)? ? µa??t?? ep????e? t??
ap??t?s? p?? ?e??e? s?st? ? ???e ap??t?s?
pa?ap?µpe? se d?af??et??? p?a?s??- ?? ? µa??t??
ep????e? ?a??asµ??? ap??t?s? pa?ap?µpeta? s' ??a
p?a?s??, p?? t?? e???e? ??at? ? ap??t?s? t??
e??a? ????? ?a? t?? pa?a???e? ?a µe?et?se? p???
t? a????? p?a?s??
? ?? d?a??ad?t? p????aµµa t?? Crowder ??e? t?
µ??f? a?a?ateµ???? ß?ß???? (st? ß?ß??? a?t?, ??
se??de? e??a? a???µ?µ??e? µe t? s?????sµ??? t??p?
a??? de d?aß????ta? µe t? se???)? ???e se??da
ap?te?e? ??a p?a?s??. ?ta? ? µa??t?? t? d?aß?se?,
pa?ap?µpeta? se ??p??a se??da t?? ß?ß????, ?p??
ßeßa???eta? ?t? ? ap??t?s? t?? e??a? s?st? ?
ß??s?e? s?µp????µat???? epe????se?? ?a? ? µe??t?
t?? p?????µµat?? s??e???eta? µe t?? ?d?? t??p?
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??af??? ??aµµ???? d?a??ad?t?? d?das?a??a?
? ?as??? d??f??a ??aµµ??? ?a? d?a??ad?t??
d?das?a??a? (p??ß??µat?sµ??)
? ?as??? d??f??a st?? t??p? a?t?µet?p?s?? t??
?a??? t?? µa??t? ? ? Skinner p?ste?e? ?t? ta
ß?µata t?? p?????µµat?? p??pe? ?a e??a? t?s?
µ????, ?ste ?a ap?fe??eta? t? ?????. ?ta? ?
µa??t?? d?se? ?a??asµ??? ap??t?s?, t??
p??sf??eta? ? s?st? ? ? Crowder, a?t??eta,
?p?st????e? ?t? t? ????? ap?te?e? ??s?ast???
st???e?? st? d?ad??as?a t?? µ???s??. ?ta? ?
µa??t?? ???e? ?????, t?? d????ta? s?µp????µat????
epe????se??, ??a ?a t? ?epe??se?
G?????? ?? d??at?t?te? t?? p????aµµat???µe???
d?das?a??a? ap??????? ap? t?? ?d?a?te??t?t? t??,
e??a? ??a s?st?µa a?t?d?das?a??a? µe ?µes?
a?at??f?d?t?s? ? ??asfa???e? t? µ???s? ?????
d?s?a?? t? ?p??? s??ep??eta? t?? t?p??? ?a?
??????? a?e?a?t?s?a t?? µa??t?, t?? ??es? t??
s??????? µ???s?? ?a? t?? ?a????sµ? t?? ???µ??
µ???s?? ap? t?? ?d?? t? µa??t?
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Ge???? ?e???s? p????aµµat?sµ???? d?das?a??a?
? ?a p?e??e?t?µata a?t? e??a? ????? st??
p????aµµat?sµ??? d?das?a??a ?a? se ???a
?pt???a???st??? µ?sa, ?p?? ?? d?af??e?e?, ??
d?s??? ? ta ß?ß??a ? ?? e?d??? p?e????t?µa t??
p????aµµat?sµ???? d?das?a??a? ß??s?eta? sta µ????
ß?µata ?a? st? s??e?? a?at??f?d?t?s?, p??
d?asfa?????? t?? ?at??t?s? t?? ep?d????µe???
st????? ?? ?a? ?p?st????eta? ap? p?????? ?t? ta
µ???? ß?µata ?a? ? s??e??? e??s??s? e?e???p?????
t? µa??t? ?a? a??????? t?? pa????s? t??, fa??eta?
?t? ??t? t?t??? de? e?sta?e?
? ?a ???a t?? p????aµµat?sµ???? d?das?a??a?
ß??s???ta? st? ?e???t??? t?? ß?s? ?a? st??
a?t?µat?sµ? t?? ? ? ap?µ???s? t?? µa??t? µe t?
d?da?t??? µ??a?? ? µe t? p????aµµat?sµ??? ß?ß???
t?? ste?e? t? d?ap??s?p??? ep????????a ?a? ??e?
t?? a????p??e? ?d??t?te? t?? d?s?a???
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? ?????F????? S??? ???/S?
? G?a t?? p????f????? st?? e?pa?de?s? ?????
a?apt???e? 3 d?af??et???? p??se???se???
p????f????? e?s??eta? st?? e?pa?de?s? ?? ? 1.
??t??e?µe?? µ???s?? ? 2. ???a?e?? µ???s?? ?
3. St???e?? ?e????? ????t???a?
?? ep?µe?e? d?af??e?e? ap?te???? epa??????
? ? 1. ? p????f????? ?? a?t??e?µe?? µ???s??- ?
p??s????s? a?t? ??e? st??? t?? ap??t?s? ???se??
??a t? ?e?t?????a t?? ?p?????st??, - t? ???? t??
??????, - t?? e?sa???? st?? p????aµµat?sµ? ?a?
?e????te?a - t?? ?e?t?????e? t?? ????sµ????
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23
1. ? p????f????? ?? a?t??e?µe?? µ???s??
? ? p????f????? a?t?µet?p??eta? ?? s???es? t????
ßas???? ep?st?µ?????? ????? a) ??? ?e???a? ?
?p??a ?e??e?ta? ?t? pe???aµß??e? t? µa??µat???
?p?ßa??? t?? ?e?t?????a? t?? ??e?t???????
?p?????st?? (?e???e?, a??????µ??, a????
p????aµµat?sµ??). ß) ??? pe??aµat???? ep?st?µ??
?? ?p??e? ap?te????ta? ap? ??µata p?? af?????
st?? a??pt??? t?? te????????? ?a? ?????? ?) ???
te???????a? p?? af??? st?? ep?????? e?e??e? ??
?p??e? se s??d?asµ? µe ???s? ap? t??? d??
p??????µe???? ?????? ?a??st??? t?? p????f?????
??a?? st?? ep???s? p??ß??µ?t?? t?? ?a??µe?????
????
? Te???s? t?? p????f?????? ?? s???es??
ep?st?µ?????? ????? ap??t? ?d?a?te?? s?µas?a ??a
t?? a??pt??? ?????? ep?p?d?? ???st???? de???t?t??
?p?? - ?? ?e???e?se?? ?a? ? a??pt??? t??
???t???? s????? µe st??? t?? ??a??p???s? t??
a?????? ep???s?? p??ß??µ?t?? t?? ?a??µe???? ????
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2. ? p????f????? ?? e??a?e?? µ???s??
? ?? ?p?????st?? a?t?µet?p????ta? ?? e??a?e?? t?
?p??? d?a??eta? se ??a ta ep?peda µ???s??
p???e?µ???? ?a ß????se? st? d?das?a??a ?a? t?
µ???s? t??? ? ? ep?d?as? t?? ?/? st? µa??s?a??
d?ad??as?a ?fe??eta? st?? d??at?t?te? ?atas?e???
d?e?e???t???? e?e???t???? ?a? ?atas?e?ast????
pe??ßa????t?? µ???s??? ?? d??at?t?te? a?t??
?fe????ta? st?? ??a??t?ta
? 1. ??µ??????a? p???ap??? ?a? d?as??dedeµ????
a?apa?ast?se?? e?????? ? p????f????? ? 2.
?µes?? d?a?e???s?? ?p?????st???? a?t??e?µ????
st?? ????? t?? ?p?????st? ?? e?d??µes?? µeta??
t?? f?s???? a?t??e?µ???? ?a? t?? af???µ????
e?????? t???? 3. ??µ??????a? p??s?µ???se??
f?s???? ?a? ?e????te?a p?a?µat???? ?atast?se??
t?? ?a??µe????? ????
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3. ? p????f????? ?? st???e?? ?e????? ????t???a?
? ???s????s? p?a?µat??????? (s??d?asµ?? ?a? t?? 2
p??????µ????) ? Sta p?a?s?a a?t?? t??
p??s????s?? a?ade??????ta? ?? ???st???? a??? ?a?
?? ?????????? ep?d??se?? t?? p????f?????? st??
e?pa?de?s? ? St?? ???a µa? ? e?sa???? t??
p????f?????? st?? e?pa?de?s? ?e????se µe ß?s? t??
te?????at??? p??s????s?
? ?? ????sµ??? p?? ???s?µ?p??????e ta p??ta
?????a ?ta? ????sµ??? p?? de? e??e s?ed?aste? ??a
t?? a????e? t?? µa??t?? t?? d?das?a??a? ?a? t??
µ???s?? ? St? d????e?a t?? de?aet?a? t?? 1980
?a? µ???? s?µe?a ?atas?e??st??a? p?????µµata
????sµ???? p?? e?s??a?a? ??e? d?ast?se?? st??
e?pa?de?s?
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??das?a??a µe ?/? (1/7)
? ?? ??e?t??????? ?p?????st?? (?/?) ?a? ??
µ?????p?????st?? e??a? µ??a???, p?? µe t? ???s?
t?? ??f?a??? ?a? spa???te?a t?? a?a???????
te???????a? µp????? ?a ap????e?s??? te??st?e?
p?s?t?te? ded?µ???? ?a? ?a t?? epe?e??ast??? µe
µe???? ta??t?ta ?a? ?atap???t??? a???ße?a  ?
S?µe?a ta ????a p?????µµata t??
d?das?a??a?-µ???s?? µe ?/? e??a?
1. ?a p?????µµata ??µ?asµ?t?? ?a? as??se?? (drill
and practice programs) 2. ?a p?????µµata
e?at?µ??e?µ???? d?das?a??a? (tutorial
programs) 3. ?a ??e?t?????? d?da?t??? pa????d?a
(instructional games) 4. ?a p?????µµata
p??s?µ???s?? (simulation programs) 5. ?a
p?????µµata ep???s?? p??ß??µ?t?? (problem solving
programs) 6. ? Logo ?a? ? ?e?µet??a t?? ?e???a?
(turtle geometry) 7. ? ???s?µ?p???s? t?? t?ape???
epe?e??as?a? ded?µ???? (database
management-processing) 8. ? epe?e??ast?? ?e?µ????
? ?e?µe?????f?? (word processing) 9. ?a d?a??????
p?????µµata (dialogue programs)
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??das?a??a µe ?/? (2/7)
? 1. ?a p?????µµata ??µ?asµ?t?? ?a? as??se?? ??
as??se?? s??t?ss??ta? ap? t? d?s?a??,
ap????e???ta? st?? ?/? ?a? pa???s?????ta? st?
µa??t?, ?ta? ta ??t?se? ? ?d??? ? ?ta? t?
ap?fas?se? ? d?s?a???. ???a? ap?? e?????aµµa
p?????µµata, p?? µetad?d??? ???se?? µe t?
d?ad??as?a t?? p????aµµat?sµ???? d?das?a??a?
e??t?s?- ap??t?s? - a?at??f?d?t?s?
? 2. ?a p?????µµata e?at?µ??e?µ???? d?das?a??a?
(tutorial programs)   - ??tap???????ta?,
pe??ss?te?? ap? ta p??????µe?a, sta ?d?a?te?a
e?d?af????ta ?a? st?? at?µ??? ???µ? µ???s?? t??
???e µa??t?. - St??????ta? st?? a??? t??
d?a??ad?t?? p????aµµ?t?? ?a? d?e????????? t?
d?????? t?? µa??t? µe t?? ?/?. ?? p????aµµa
s??t?sseta? ?ts?, ?ste ? µa??t?? d?d?s?eta? µe
e??t?se?? p?? a?af????ta? st?? p??????µe?e?
apa?t?se?? t??. ? p?a?µat???? d???????, ?
a?a?????? t?? ???s?? ?a? ? ???t??? s???? de?
p???????ta? ??te µe ta p?????µµata a?t?
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??das?a??a µe ?/? (3/7)
?  3. ?a ??e?t?????? d?da?t??? pa????d?a
(instructional games)   - ???sµ??a ?d????? t?
µa??t? se µ?a d?ad??as?a a?a??????? t?? ???s??,
?p?? ta pa????d?a ta????µ?s?? d?af????
?e?µet????? s??µ?t?? - ???a d????? st? µa??t?
t?? e??a???a ?a d?µ??????se? d???? t?? ?st???e? ?
µ??s???, µe???? ap?ß??p??? st?? ????????? ?a? st?
s??a?s??µat??? ?a??????e?a t?? µa??t?, ?p?? ta
pa????d?a ????? ap?f?se?? ? ta ?? pa????d?a
d?e?e???s?? d??a??µ?t?? ?a? ?p???e?se?? - ?a
??e?t?????? d?da?t??? pa????d?a, a?
???s?µ?p?????ta? s?st? ?a? µe µ?t??, eµp???t?????
t? d?das?a??a ?a? s?µß?????? ??s?ast??? st?
µ???s?. - ? ?at????s? t??? ?µ?? ap?µa????e? ta
pa?d?? ap? ???e? d?µ????????? d?ast????t?te?
(f???e?, pa????d?, ????te???a, µ??s???) ?a?
p???a?e? s???? a?t? p?? ???µ?st??e ??e?t??????
?atat???a
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29
??das?a??a µe ?/? (4/7)
?  4.  ?a p?????µµata p??s?µ???s?? (simulation
programs)   - ?a p?????µµata a?t? a?apa??st?????
s??µat??? µ?a p?a?µat??? ?at?stas? ? ??a
fa???µe??. ?? p??s?µ???se?? a?t????ta? ap? t?
???????a, t?? ????????a, t? F?s???, t? ??µe?a,
t?? ??????µ?a, ta ?a??µat??? ?t?.
??a??????ta? sea. f?s???? p??s?µ???se?? ?a? se
ß. p??s?µ???se?? d?ad??as?a? - ?? µa??t??
µ?µ???ta? ?????? p.?. ap????a????, p???t???? ?
e?e??t?? e?a???a? ?????f???a?. ?e?et??? ep?s??
f?s??? ? ??µ??? fa???µe?a ?a? d?at?p?????
epa?????? ??µ???, ??a ?a ta e????s???-
?a?a????? ?a a?a????? fa???µe?a, ?a ep??????
?p???se??, ?a d?at?p????? s?µpe??sµata, ?a
s??pt??ta? ?????? ?a? ?a ap?fas????? s?st? -
???d???? ?a ?d??????? ?? µa??t?? se ?a??asµ???
a?t????? t?? p?a?µat???t?ta? µ?sa ap? t??
?pe?ap???ste?µ??? a?apa??stas? s???e???µ????
?atast?se?? ? fa???µ????
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??das?a??a µe ?/? (5/7)
? 5.?a p?????µµata ep???s?? p??ß??µ?t?? (problem
solving programs). - ?? µa??t?? ???s?µ?p?????
t? ???ssa t?? ?/? ??a ?a ??s??? p??ß??µata. ?
ep???s? p??ß??µ?t?? µe ?/? af??e? p???? pe??????a
a?te????e?a? st??? µa??t??, ?a???e??e? t? ??????
(a?a??t??? ?a? s???et???) s???? t??? ?a?
a?apt?sse? t? d?µ????????t?t? t???
? 6. ? Logo ?a? ? ?e?µet??a t?? ?e???a? (turtle
geometry)   - ? Logo p?????eta? ap? t?? e???????
???? "?????- ???a? µ?a ???ssa p????aµµat?sµ??,
p?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta?, a??µ? ?a? ap? µ???? pa?d??,
??a d?µ????????? d?ast????t?te? ?a? ??s?
p??ß??µ?t??- ? Logo de d??e? e?e??sµata, µe
s??p? ?a p???a??se? s???e???µ??e? a?t?d??se??,
a??? a?a????e? t??? µa??t?? ?a a?apt????? t??
???t???? ?a? t?? d?µ????????? t??? ??a??t?te? µe
t? d??? t??? p????aµµat?sµ?- ? p?? ???st? µ??f?
t?? Logo e??a? ? ?e?µet??a t?? ?e???a?
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??das?a??a µe ?/? (6/7)
? 7.  ? ???s?µ?p???s? t?? t?ape??? epe?e??as?a?
ded?µ???? (database management-processing).   -
? µa??t?? µeta?e????eta? t?? ?/? ??a ?a
ap????e?se? µe???e? p?s?t?te? p????f?????-
?d?a?te?a s?µa?t??? ?e??e?ta? ?a e??a????e? ?
d?s?a??? t??? µa??t?? ?a d?µ???????? d???? t???
t??pe?e? ded?µ????, p?? ?a t??? a?a??????? ?a
e?e????? d??f??a ??µata se ß????, ?a
ap?de?t?????? p????f???e?, ?a s?s?et?????
ded?µ??a, ?a a?a?a??pt??? t? ???s?
  ? 8. ? epe?e??ast?? ?e?µ???? ? ?e?µe?????f??
(word processing).   - ? epe?e??ast?? ?e?µ????
ep?t??pe? st? µa??t? ?a d?aµ??f?se? ??a ?e?µe??,
s?µf??a µe t?? ep???µ?e? t??. ?e t? p???t???????
t?? ?e?µe?????f?? da?t?????afe?ta? ??a ?e?µe?? µe
e??????? ? ?e?????ssa st???e?a- ? ???s? t??
?e?µe?????f?? e??a????e? t??? µa??t?? ?a
ep????s??? ?e?µe?a, ?a p??ß??µat?st??? ??a t??
a?s??t??? t??? d?aµ??f?s? ?a? ?a ta
epa?e?et?s???, ??a ?a d?????s??? ???? ap?
ap??se??a ? ?a ta ße?t??s???
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??das?a??a µe ?/? (7/7)
  ? 9. ?a d?a?????? p?????µµata (dialogue
programs).   - ?a p?????µµata a?t? a???p????? t??
d??at?t?te? t?? ?/? ?a? t?? ????? pa?ad?s?a???
?a? s????????- ?ts? d?µ???????? e??aµpta
?pt???a???st??? p?????µµata, p??
a?t?p??sa?µ????ta? e????a st?? ?d?a?te??t?te? t??
???e µa??t? - ?a d?a?????? p?????µµata
ep?t??p??? t?? a????ep?d?as? p?????µµat??-
µa??t?, ??' a?t? e??a? ???st? ?a? ?? p?????µµata
a????ep?d?as?? (interactive programs)- ?
µa??t?? ??e? t? d??at?t?ta ?a ape????e? e??t?se??
? ?a a?a??t?se? ?a? ?a e?t?p?se? p??? ??????a
µ??? ?se? p????f???e? t?? e?d?af????? (e????e?,
?????, s?µß??a ???? ? s??d?asµ? t???)
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???d???? ap? t? ???s?µ?p???s? ???? µ?s??
d?das?a??a? (1/2)
? ? ?a?da?a a??pt??? t?? ?pt???a???st???? µ?s??
?a? t?? e?pa?de?t???? te???????a? ?? ???st?
d?µ??????se µ?a ??a ?at?stas? st?? a????p???
µ???s?.   ? ?a s??????a µ?sa ap?te???? p????
?p??at?stat?? eµpe???a? ? ?????? s??pe?a? ?a
s?µp????s??? t?? ?µes? eµpe???a (pa???s?a?a?
fa???µe?a ? eµpe???e? p?? de? ?ta? p??s?t?? µe
????? t??p?) ? ????te?a a?t??at?st?sa? t??
d?s?a?? se ???sµ????? ?????? ?p??- st? µet?d?s?
t?? p????f???a?, st?? epa?????? t?? d?das?a??a?,
- st? d?????s? ?a? ßa?µ?????s? t?? ??apt?? ?a?
- st?? at?µ??? ß???e?a se ad??aµ??? µa??t?? ?
?ts? ? µ???s? te??e? ?a ap?s??de?e? ap? t??
f?s??? pa???s?a t?? das????? ?a? ?? µa??t??
ap??t??? µ?a s?et??? a?t???µ?a.
? ? t??e?a p??et??µasµ??? d?das?a??a ?ta?
ßas??eta? ap???e?st??? se ?pt???a???st??? µ?sa
?a? se e?pa?de?t??? te???????a µp??e? ?a
eµpe????e? s?µa?t????? ???d?????, ??p???? ap
a?t??? e??a?
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???d???? ap? t? ???s?µ?p???s? ???? µ?s??
d?das?a??a? (2/2)
? 1. ? pe?????sµ?? t?? p??t?ß????a? ?a? t??
d?µ????????t?ta? t?s? t?? µa??t?? ?s? ?a? t??
das?????, (t??p?? pa???s?as?? ?a? µ???d??
epe?e??as?a? t?? pe??ss?te?e? f???? e??a?
p???a????sµ??a)
? 2. ? ???e??? ep?st?µ??????, e?pa?de?t???? ?a?
pa?da??????? e??????, ?a??? ta p?????µµata
a?????? ta ?d?a?te?a e?d?af????ta ?a? t?? e?d????
a????e? t?? ap?de?t?? t?? p????f???a? p??
p??sf????? ?a? ?ts? µp????µe ?a µ???µe ??a
d??at?t?ta at?µ???? µe??t?? a??? ??? ??a
p?a?µat??? e?at?µ??e?s? t?? d?das?a??a?.
? 3. ? ad??aµ?a pa???s?as?? af???µ???? e??????
µe ap?t??esµa t?? s????s? ?a? t?? e???p??
?ata???s? t???
? 4. ? p?????s? t?? pa??t???? a?t?????? ?a? ?
e?as????s? t?? d?µ????????? s????? ?a??? ??
p????f???e? pa?????ta? ?t??µe?   ? 5. ?
ap???????s? t?? ad??aµ?? µa??t?? ?a??? de? ?????
t?? d??at?t?ta ?a ?p?ß????? e??t?se?? ?a? ?a
??t?s??? d?e??????se?? st?? t???? ap???e? p??
pa???s?ast??? ?at? t?? pa?a???????s? t??
a?t?µat?p???µ???? d?das?a??a?
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? pa???s?a t?? das?????

• G?a ?a ap?fe?????? ?? pa?ap??? ???d???? ?a? ?a
  µp???s??? ?? µa??t?? ?a a???p???s??? t?? s?et???
  a?t???µ?a p?? t??? p??sf????? ta ?pt???a???st???
  µ?sa ?a? ? e?pa?de?t??? te???????a ?a p??pe?-
  ?a ap??t?s??? ap? µ???? ?????a t?? ?at??????
  a????, ?ste ?a ?????? e?e???t???? a???at?? ?a?
  ???t???? ?eat?? t?? ?s?? t??? pa???s?????ta?
• ? ? pa???s?a t?? das????? pa??e? s?µa?t??? ????

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?p?pt??? µ?s? ??a t? d?das?a??a t?? ß??????a?
 
 
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?e???? ep?pt??? µ?sa d?das?a??a?
? ??a??ast???? p??ß???a? ? ??af?s??p??
                 
           

• ?? ep?s??p?? ?p?d?as??p?? ? ??das??p??
  (s??d?asµ?? t??
• 2 pa?ap??? st???e???)

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?S??S? ??????S ?????????S
??S??S?   Sa? d??eta? ? ???st?? ????? t??
eµpe???a? t?? Dale µe t?? ta????µ?s? t??
d?da?t???? µ?s??
? a) ?a e????sete ??at? ta d?da?t??? µ?sa e??a?
?ata?eµ?µ??a µe ß?s? t? pa?ap??? s??µa ap? t??
Dale st?? ???? t?? eµpe???a? t??.   ? ß)
???sd????ste µ?a s???e???µ??? d?da?t??? e??t?ta
ap? t?? e?d???t?ta sa? (???d? sa?). ???te µ?a
ep????? a?t??????µ??? ???sµ???? d?da?t???? µ?s??
(t??????st?? 3) p?? ?a ???s?µ?p????sate ??a t?
d?das?a??a t?? pa?ap??? e??t?ta?. ?e??????te ?a?
s?????ste s???pt??? (t??????st?? 300 ???e??)
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? ????? t?? Dale
Dale, E.,1969, Audiovisual Methods in teaching,
1969
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