Energy and ATP, Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

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Energy and ATP, Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
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Energy and ATP
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Energy

• All living things use energy.
• Energy for lifes activities is stored in bonds
  of energy-storing compounds
• ATP, NADH, DADPH, FADH2
• ATP is the chief energy-storing molecule used by
  organisms.

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ATP

• Adenosine triphosphate ATP

Adenine
Ribose
Phosphates (3 of them)
Adenosine
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ATP

• Adenosine triphosphate ATP

The ATP molecules releases energy when a bond
holding a phosphate group to the molecule is
broken
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ATP

• Adenosine triphosphate ATP

energy
ADP adenosine diphosphate (di means 2)
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ATP Cycle
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Food Sources

• Autotrophs - make own food
• Ex. Photoautotrophs - make own food using light
  energy (photosynthesis)
• Heterotrophs - cannot make own food depend on
  autotrophs or other heterotrophs

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Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis - process by which autotrophs
  convert sunlight to usable energy

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Pigments

• Autotrophs that perform photosynthesis contain
  chemicals called pigments. A pigment is a
  molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of
  light and reflects others.
• We see what is reflected.

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Chlorophyll

• The most common and important pigment for
  photosynthesis is chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll reflects green light, but absorbs
  others like violet, blue, and red.
• Plants look green because of this!
• The absorbed light is the energy source for
  photosynthesis.

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Chloroplast

• The chlorophyll and other pigments are typically
  located in the specialized organelles called
  chloroplasts.

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Chloroplast Structure
Stroma
Thylakoids
Grana
Chloroplast
Outer membrane and Inner membrane
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Chloroplast Structure

• The individual disk-shaped structures are called
  the thylakoids.
• Inside is called the thylakoid space, which
  contains the chlorophyll, which is arranged in
  units called photosystems to collect light.
• Each stack of thylakoids is called a granum. All
  of the stacks together is the grana.
• The gel-like material surrounding the grana is
  the stroma.

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Photosynthesis

• The process is divided into 2 parts
• The light-dependent reactions
• The Calvin cycle

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Light-Dependent Reactions

• Occur in the thylakoids
• Requires sunlight and water
• A water molecule is split
• H2O ? O2 (oxygen), H (hydrogen ions), and
  energized electrons.
• The oxygen diffuses out.
• The hydrogen ions and electrons are involved in
  making ATP and turning NADP into NADPH,
  energy-storing compounds.

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Light-Dependent Reactions
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Calvin cycle

• Occurs in the stroma
• Requires products of light rxns and the input of
  CO2
• One molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is created from
  every 6 CO2 molecules.

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C6H12O6
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The Equation

• The reactants
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Water (H2O)
• Energy - light
• The products
• Glucose (C6H12O6)
• Oxygen (O2)
• The reactants are input for photosynthesis and
  re-arranged to form the products.

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The Equation

• The balanced equation
• 6CO2 6H2O energy ?
• C6H12O6 6O2

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Reactants and Products
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