Introducing a New Product

1
(No Transcript)
2
Interviewing Techniques Workshop Finding the
Truth

• Les Cochren, Retied CFE - President
• Golden State Chapter
• Association of Certified Fraud Examiners
• Surveillance Techniques
• Interviewing Techniques

3
SURVEILLANCE

• FBI Probes Finances of Iade Trade Schools
• Investigation Firm has closed most Southland
  classes but promises reopenings soon. Inquiry is
  thought to focus in part on return of U.S. funds
  when students drop out.March 09, 1995STUART
  SILVERSTEIN, TIMES STAFF WRITER

Observation
Observation is the ability of the Certified Fraud
Examiner (CFE) to see with perception.
Iade has made proper reimbursements to the
federal government of federal loan and grant
funds. (Forensic accounting/auditing)
investigating whether the school properly
verified the vocational backgrounds of students
in its English as a second language program.
(Surveillance outside of schools and busy traffic
areas).
4
SURVEILLANCE
The acts of observation and description are key
to performing a successful surveillance operation.
Observation
Observation is the ability of the Certified Fraud
Examiner (CFE) to see with perception.
Description
Description is the ability of the CFE to describe
the observation.
5
Looking without seeing.
When a fraud investigator lacks the ability to
observe it is described as "looking without
seeing."
Develop a sixth sense
This enables the investigator to distinguish one
person from the other. This ability is not
taught. It is gradually learned and used from the
earliest age of understanding.
6
WHAT IS SURVEILLANCE?
Surveillance is the planned observation of
persons, places, or objects.
It is done to obtain information about the
identities or activities of subjects.
Surveillance is concerned mainly with persons.
The observation of places and objects is
generally incidental to the main interest That
goal is seeking information about people.
7
Surveillance may be used to find residences,
businesses, or other places.
WHY IS SURVEILLANCE USED?
These may be frequented by persons of interest to
the investigation.
They may be places where criminal activity is
conducted. Real evidence may be concealed there.
Surveillance is used to get information about the
scope and nature of a person's activities.
One important use of surveillance is the checking
on informants and their information.
8
SURVEILLANCE
When performing surveillance, you should have as
much knowledge of the investigation as possible.
This will help you to accurately interpret the
actions of the subject.
Know the elements of proof of various crimes.
Such knowledge enables you to know when the
subject has gone far enough to warrant
apprehension.
The subject should be kept under observation
until he has thoroughly completed the crime he
set out to commit.
Exceptions are those crimes which, if completed,
would result in bodily harm to victims.
9
A continued surveillance, even after all the
elements of a crime have been completed, can be
rewarding.
SURVEILLANCE
Don't be too anxious to make an apprehension
wait and observe.
Surveillance activities must be recorded with
care.
Consider using detailed notes and logs still and
movie camera (often with special lenses, films,
and light sources).
Also consider tape recorders and miniature
electronic listening devices. Use any appropriate
device that may aid you.
10
Preparations For A Surveillance
Identification of the Subject. .
Surveillance activities must be recorded with
care. .
Consider using detailed notes and logs still and
movie camera (often with special lenses, films,
and light sources).
Also consider tape recorders and miniature
electronic listening devices. Use any appropriate
device that may aid you.
11
Preparations For A Surveillance (continued)
Identification of the Subject
If the subject is unknown, the best method of
identification is to have him pointed out. .
Appearance of the investigator
Your dress should harmonize with the area or
neighborhood ..
Act as if you belong in the neighborhood of the
surveillance. ..
Your manner should be casual. Your interest
should be centered on matters other than the
subject. Prepare a plausible story in advance
which can be supported with documents and
knowledge.
12
Planning A Surveillance
All must understand the surveillance techniques
to be used, and when.
Discreet signals should be arranged .
Such will enable each surveillant to understand
exactly what a given situation is.
Equipment
Consideration should be given to the importance
of the case.
13
Surveillance can be by foot or vehicle.
SURVEILLANCE METHODS
It is mainly your use of common sense, ability,
tact, and ingenuity. It is based on your training
and education relative to human motivation and
behavior. Well planned and executed surveillance
can be of great help in your investigation
On the other hand, lack of preparation, poor
timing, and unsound surveillance practices can
mean time wasted. This will result in an alerted
subject. He will probably then increase his
precautions tenfold.
14
Types of Surveillance
There are two general types of surveillance
mobile and fixed.
A mobile surveillance is sometimes termed
"tailing" or "shadowing." . .
The fixed is termed as a "stakeout" or "plant."
15
Methods of Surveillance
Loose surveillance
Subjects need not be kept under constant
observation.
Close surveillance
In close surveillance, subjects are kept under
observation continuously surveillance are
maintained at all times.
Combination of loose and close surveillance.
Preplanning is helpful, but you must observe and
interpret the act or circumstances accurately. By
so doing you can implement the plan.
16
Methods of Surveillance
Tail-conscious subjects will be extremely
difficult to follow.
(1) If the subject turns a corner, do not hurry
to catch up. Just continue on at the same general
pace.
In most cases, it will be better to lose the
subject rather than alert him about surveillance.
With uncrowded conditions, it is best to cross
the intersection. You can continue your
surveillance from across the street. .
(2) Hotels, theaters, restaurants, elevators, and
public conveyances pose special problems in
surveillance.
17
Methods of Surveillance
If a subject enters a railroad station or bus
depot ticket line, you should try to get behind
him.
By doing so, you may learn his destination or
overhear his conversation with the clerk. If the
subject enters a telephone booth, enter an
adjacent one.
An attempt should be made to note the telephone
book and the page number used by the subject.
Remember that a tail-conscious subject may
simulate a telephone call to see if he is being
followed.
Subjects more tail-conscious may suddenly reverse
their course. They may enter dead end streets, or
use "cohorts" to test for surveillants. .
18
Methods of Surveillance
Basic Precautions.
When in a dangerous neighborhood, walk on the
curb side of the sidewalk. .
This precludes the possibility of being attacked
from doorways or alleys. It also affords you the
best observation vantage point.
Use both sides of the street.
Never look straight into the subject's eyes
If you must do so while facing him, look just
behind him or at his feet. Don't appear to be too
innocent.
19
Methods of Surveillance
Basic Precautions.
Do not use theatrical disguises, such as false
beards. They are impractical, hard to maintain,
and easily detectable.
Do not make abrupt, unnatural moves from doorway
to doorway or from tree to tree.
Do not take other similar actions which are
unnecessary and attract attention. You should,
however, when following a subject, shift from
left to right.
Never remain directly behind the subject. .
20
Methods of SurveillanceBasic Precautions
(continued)
Don't be too anxious to make an apprehension
wait and observe.
Surveillance activities must be recorded with
care.
Consider using detailed notes and logs still and
movie camera (often with special lenses, films,
and light sources).
Also consider tape recorders and miniature
electronic listening devices. Use any appropriate
device that may aid you.
21
The topography of the area to be under
surveillance should be studied in advance.
Methods of SurveillanceBasic Precautions
(continued)
Be aware of the location of cul-de-sacs or "dead
end" streets or alleys. This will help you avoid
being trapped or discovered.
Note the general characteristics of the
neighborhood. .
Note transportation and pedestrian routes, access
to the egress from freeways, and other physical
features before commencing the surveillance.
Also consider tape recorders and miniature
electronic listening devices. Use any appropriate
device that may aid you.
22
When conducting a foot surveillance, from one to
six investigators can be used however, whenever
possible, more than one should be used.
Techniques of Foot Surveillance
This minimizes the risk of detection by the
subject. Three seems to be the optimal number. In
this way, the surveillants can alternate staying
close to the subject.
One or two may drop off when they feel the
subject is on the verge of singling them out.
They can also avoid abrupt changes in direction.
.
23
One- Man Surveillance.
Techniques of Foot Surveillance
A one-man surveillance is best used in a
situation calling for a fixed surveillance. It
should be avoided in a moving surveillance
because it is not flexible.
(1) If the subject turns a corner in an uncrowded
area, continue across the intersecting street.
Whatever the conditions do not turn a corner
immediately behind the subject.
2) When across the street from the subject, how
you follow will be dictated by circumstances.
24
Two-Man or "AB" Surveillance.
Techniques of Foot Surveillance
In the "AB" technique the surveillant directly
behind the subject is always designated as "A."
"A" follows the subject "B" follows "A," either
on the same side of the street or just across.
25
Two-Man or "AB" Surveillance.
Techniques of Foot Surveillance
26
Three-Man or "ABC" Surveillance
Techniques of Foot Surveillance
The "ABC" technique is intended to keep two sides
of the subject covered. "A" follows the subject.
"B" follows "A" and concentrates on keeping "A"
in sight rather than the subject. The normal
position for "B" is behind "A." "C" normally
operates across the street from the subject and
slightly to his rear. .
This enables "C" to observe the subject without
turning his head. Variations would be having both
"B" and "C" across the street. Another would be
having surveillants behind the subject on the
same side of the street. "A," "B," and "C" may be
necessary due to crowded conditions or vehicular
traffic.
27
Three-Man or "ABC" Surveillance
Techniques of Foot Surveillance
In this technique, if the subject turns a corner,
"A" continues in the original direction. He then
crosses the intersecting street, and signals
instructions to other surveillants. Either "B"
or "C" can be given the "A" position. "A" may
take up the original "C" position and continue
his observation of the subject from across the
street.
In another variation of this technique, both "A"
and "B" may continue in the original direction
and cross the street. "A" signals "C" to take up
the "A" position. "B" then recrosses the street
and assumes his former "B" position. "A" assumes
the "C" position.
28
Three-Man or "ABC" Surveillance..
Techniques of Foot Surveillance
29
Three-Man or "ABC" Surveillance
Techniques of Foot Surveillance
In this technique, if the subject turns a corner,
"A" continues in the original direction. He then
crosses the intersecting street, and signals
instructions to other surveillants. Either "B"
or "C" can be given the "A" position. "A" may
take up the original "C" position and continue
his observation of the subject from across the
street.
In another variation of this technique, both "A"
and "B" may continue in the original direction
and cross the street. "A" signals "C" to take up
the "A" position. "B" then recrosses the street
and assumes his former "B" position. "A" assumes
the "C" position.
30
The leapfrog method
Other Techniques of Foot Surveillance
This technique is resorted to in order to lessen
the chance of a surveillant being "made." For
instance, by either prearrangement or signal, the
two or more surveillants will change places with
each other.
The progressive surveillance method
When this technique is adopted, the subject is
followed a certain distance. Then the
surveillance is stopped and the time noted. The
next day, another surveillant picks up the
subject at the time and place where the
surveillance was previously halted. The
surveillant again follows the subject for a short
distance. This continues day after day until the
surveillance is completed or stopped altogether.

31
Techniques of Vehicle Surveillance
A dependable vehicle must be provided. It should
be similar to the type commonly used in the area
where surveillance is to occur. The license
plates on the surveillant's vehicle must not be
identifiable as being official.
Two surveillants should be provided for each
vehicle employed

It is often advantageous and sometimes necessary
to combine vehicle and foot surveillances
32
Techniques of Vehicle Surveillance
As in foot surveillance, techniques must be
changed in vehicle surveillance
Such changes should not be obvious but discreet.
They are necessary to alter the appearance of
the surveillant's vehicle. Also, they serve to
break the continuity of the trailing pattern

33
Techniques of Vehicle Surveillance
A dependable vehicle must be provided. It should
be similar to the type commonly used in the area
where surveillance is to occur. The license
plates on the surveillant's vehicle must not be
identifiable as being official.
Two surveillants should be provided for each
vehicle employed

It is often advantageous and sometimes necessary
to combine vehicle and foot surveillances
34
The leapfrog method
Other Techniques of Foot Surveillance
This technique is resorted to in order to lessen
the chance of a surveillant being "made." For
instance, by either prearrangement or signal, the
two or more surveillants will change places with
each other.
The progressive surveillance method
When this technique is adopted, the subject is
followed a certain distance. Then the
surveillance is stopped and the time noted. The
next day, another surveillant picks up the
subject at the time and place where the
surveillance was previously halted. The
surveillant again follows the subject for a short
distance. This continues day after day until the
surveillance is completed or stopped altogether.

35
Techniques of Vehicle Surveillance
A dependable vehicle must be provided. It should
be similar to the type commonly used in the area
where surveillance is to occur. The license
plates on the surveillant's vehicle must not be
identifiable as being official.
Two surveillants should be provided for each
vehicle employed

It is often advantageous and sometimes necessary
to combine vehicle and foot surveillances
36
Techniques of Vehicle Surveillance
Changing driving patterns aids in avoiding
detection by the subject. Suggested changes are
as follows
(a) Speed up
(b) Slow down.
(c) Change lanes.
.Be careful to avoid traffic violations. Never
become a chronic lane changer or make turns from
the wrong lane.

.
37
Techniques of Vehicle Surveillance
Change directions, when possible. For instance,
go around the block.
Change positions. Occupants can occasionally
crouch or change positions. This causes the
apparent number of passengers to change.
Change clothes. For example, remove or change
hats..

Use removable stickers and adornments on the
vehicle.
At night it is difficult for surveillants to be
sure they are following the right vehicle.
38
Techniques of Vehicle Surveillance
One-Vehicle Surveillance . When one vehicle is
used for surveillance, it must remain close
enough behind the subject to permit the
surveillants to observe his actions.
Two-Vehicle Surveillance. This technique employs
two vehicles to follow the subject at different
distances on the same street. It is the same
technique as in the "AB" method of foot
surveillance

39
Techniques of Vehicle Surveillance
Change directions, when possible. For instance,
go around the block.
Change positions. Occupants can occasionally
crouch or change positions. This causes the
apparent number of passengers to change.
Change clothes. For example, remove or change
hats..

Use removable stickers and adornments on the
vehicle.
At night it is difficult for surveillants to be
sure they are following the right vehicle.
40
Techniques of Vehicle Surveillance
One-vehicle Surveillance. Fixed Surveillance. .
In a fixed surveillance, or stakeout, it is the
subject that remains stationary. The surveillant
may move around for closer observation of the
area or subject. When one surveillant is detailed
to watch a place with more than one exit, he may
have to move about considerably. That way he can
maintain the proper surveillance.

41

42
Published - July 30th, 2005 - The Fremantle
Rooster Context In the wake of the London
Bombings (and I use the plural, "bombings"
because there have now beentwo in the space of a
week) - The Australian Government has upped its
surveillance systems to be on the lookout for
shifty characters that may be terrorists -
including the WA Government's tanky new
Closed-circuittelevision and camera systems at
train stations in Perth's metropolitan area. This
week a 'suspected terrorist'was shot 7 times to
death in London before even being questioned by
police. A little jittery you might say.. As a
side-point, I finished reading George Orwell's
book, "1984" which is an extreme take on
governmentsurveillance and conformity - where
you can't even walk around and THINK the wrong
thing without someform of surveillance catching
you out - commiting "thought crimes" or writing
something that could be anti-establishment. I
find the parallel kind of unnerving..

Published - July 30th, 2005 - The Fremantle
Rooster Context In the wake of the London
Bombings.
43

44
GET THE POINT   Workshop participants will be
divided into teams. Each team will choose their
own name. Each team will have a GET THE POINT
score card. Questions taken from California PI
license exams will be posed throughout the day
long workshop. Teams will be asked to answer the
questions. Correct answers will receive
points. Presenters and panel members each get a
question to pose to the participant (any question
- there are no boundaries.  It may or may not be
investigation related. At the end of the day  -
the team winners will receive prizes, 1st, 2nd
and 3rd. Team progress will be posted on the
board throughout the day.   It should be
fun.     Any comments

45
Finding the Truth Introduction
Communication Analysis Seeing
46
Finding the Truth Introduction
Communication Analysis Seeing
47
Truth, Lying, Deception Finding the Truth
An effective Interviewer is an effective
communicator
Communication is the process of effectively
sending and receiving thoughts and feeling.
Method of seeing human responses as a whole.
What he is saying and what he is not saying.
Many people operate on gut feeling. Bring
impressions to conscious plane
Words make up less than 20Body Language makes up
over 50 tone makes up the Balance
48
Body Language and Deception
Deception is a Learned Process.
It becomes so ingrain that it becomes
unconscious.
We can tell about a person by just looking at
them. When an individual is motivated he/she
will engage in certain behaviors.
Many people operate on gut feeling. Bring
impressions to conscious plane
Look for stress symptoms associated with
deceptions.
49
Lying causes anxiety
Head
Touch area of head more often.
Nose
Sensitive to stress when blood pressure
increase tissues in the nose fills with blood.
Mouth
Wiping mouth - wetting lips and pressing lips
together reaction to tension
50
Eyes
Reluctant to see eye to eye. Establish what you
think is normal, then look for a reduction. Look
for looking down
Blinking
Tend to blink more often when trying to think
quickly. Before and After
Eyebrows
Eyebrows are easier facial features to read.
They will be frowned or raised
51
Posture changes
Shifting in a chair can be used to release
tension.
Tone and Words
Through the use of vocabulary is how we navigate
through life. No ones says when you get ready to
stop talking change your tone.
Delaying Tactics
Delaying tactics indicate hesitation uncertainty.
postpone giving answers.
52
Mental block
Know what is happen but does want to tell you the
truth.results in hesitation and irrational
responses.Answer doesn't makes sense because she
is stressed.
Conflicting Statements
Through the use of vocabulary is how we navigate
through life. No ones says when you get ready to
stop talking change your tone.
Delaying Tactics
People who are being deceptive are likely to
make conflicting statements. Drop the ball on
details.
53
Excessive use of modifiers
Excessive use of modifiers sign of concealment or
fabricationSort of Kind of Gives the subject
more time to think of an answer.
Point of view
Change in point of view speak of themselves in
second person. You get busy
Phrases
Repeating phrases allows more time or to seek
validation. Believe it or not. "You Know"
Fragmented sentences
Speaking in broken stumbling sentences.
54
Listening
Most critical of all communication skills
Discriminatory Listening - Support preconceive
notions
Empathetic Listening The investigator looks but
doesn't stare and processes all information. One
or two words can reveal a wealth of information.
Every word is important.
Passive Listening - taking notes
55
RESEARCH
Lack of preparation leads to missing information.
Familiarize yourself and could cause missing
information. More you know the better able you
are to recognize clues to deception
SETTING
Picking right setting is crucial - Neutral quiet
place subject is always free remove barriers
allow you to observe body language.
RAPPORT
If you do not establish rapport you will not
communicate
56
Demeanor
Demeanor never be judgmentalalways objective
empathetic but not sympathetic. Sympathetic runs
risk of becoming emotionally involved.
Containment
Physical appearance and dress maybe
inappropriateInterviewing multiple subjects not
a good idea and would probably influence the
other. Avoid small talk and humorDont make
interruptions wait and let them finishand never
be disrespectful
INTRODUCTIONS
Introduction are appropriate when you meet for
the first time.Always shake hand and include
professional title when necessary.
57
SOCIAL AMENITIES
Thank the subject things to put them more at ease
Hang up coat Interview Can you tell me creates a
problem and gives the subject flexibility More
specific the question the more limited the answer
OPENING STATEMENTS
limit information short specific. Where the
subject begins is important. Where the event
begins in his mind.Notes - do not take them
observe body language
INFORMATION SEEKING PHASE
Information seeking phase is when you can start
to take notesIdentify the date, time, place and
idividuals present .
58
Biographical informaton
phone numbers, social security numbers,
emergency contacts.don't write down your
conclusion or interpretationsTranscribe key
points verbatim - exact wordsProceed from
general to specificConcealment let them fill it
in.
- Falsification remembers the lie.Don't show
anger at deceptive behavior
Falsification
SUMMATION
Review your notes to make sure you haven't missed
anythingAsk questions like "What haven't we
covered? Is there anything else that we haven't
discussed? What else? Ask them to contact you if
anything else arises.
59
WRITTEN STATEMENTS
Having subject write down what happen is a good
tool. Not coached or coerced. There will be so
Two Areas Structure - Semantic
Beginning Middle and end
Balance is what the interviewer should look
for.If any of these are out of balance 60
before remit should be 1/3, 1/3 an 1/3
Deceptive on its form is when a statement is out
of balance
60
SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
More difficult. every word counts. lack of
convictionI though. I do not know. Lack of
conviction is apparent
LACK OF CONVICTION. PRESENT TENSE WHEN
DESCRIBING PAST OCCURENCE
Describe present tense to describe past is
equally
GENERAL REATHER THAN SPECIFIC STATEMENTS
LACK OF SELF-REFERENCELack of personal pronound
minimializes involvement. Absence of person can
be an attempt to distance onesellf from the
incincident
61
OUT OF SEQUENCE SENTENCES
Narrative flows from beginning end . Goes off
out sequence and returns and what did that have
to do with anything
TEMPORAL LUCUNA
Blanks space in a statement in which time passes
but the subject doesn't explain what took
place.Example include Later on - After that -
The next thing I knewIf things have been left
out- by going back you have just ...go on
WORD CHOICE
Words make up less than 20Body Language makes up
over 50 tone makes up the Balance. Remember to
look for change.ie when they left she was his
wife then two hours later she became Jane
62
ME
Me if heavily used it may ant to appear as
passive object which he had not controlBut -
negates
You.
You. -
-You know- points are trying to gain
confrimation.
Tones and Words
Tone inflection we give words mood or emotions
ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS
When you observe weak statements use them to ask
detailed questions. Keep subject words in tact.
If they are fabricating the story will come
apart. Getting statement analyzing and amplifying
goes hand and glove
63
CONCLUSION
Delaying tatics
Hesitate Mental blocks - hesitation - irrational
response She shocks and giggling
Modifiers
qualifiers give subject more time to think..Sort
of fighting. .Kinda fighting. kinda rip tire.
Speech pattern that you ma
Point of view
Switch from first to second. I did phrases
repetition - seeking validation Believe it or not
Fragmented speech
64
Setting
Neutral quiet place remove barriers
Rapport
Demeanor never be judgmental
Objective - sympathetic eye contact
Me Passive observer
But negate statement
You - trying to gain confirmation
Asking the right statement
Keep subject words in tact
65
Listening
Passive Listening when a person takes note as
opposed to listening to subject
Discriminating Listening - Look not for clue.
Empathetic
Observes but doesn't stare listens to all
subjects responses.Every word is important from
the beginning to the end.
Research
familiarize yourself with backgroundbetter able
you are to recognize clues to deception