Mannerism ????

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• Mannerism ????
• Mannerism is a period of European art that
  emerged from the later years of the Italian High
  Renaissance around 1520. It lasted until about
  1580 in Italy, when a more Baroque style began to
  replace it, but Northern Mannerism continued into
  the early 17th century throughout much of
  Europe.1 Stylistically, Mannerism encompasses a
  variety of approaches influenced by, and reacting
  to, the harmonious ideals and restrained
  naturalism associated with artists such as
  Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and early
  Michelangelo. Mannerism is notable for its
  intellectual sophistication as well as its
  artificial (as opposed to naturalistic)
  qualities.
• The definition of Mannerism, and the phases
  within it, continues to be the subject of debate
  among art historians. For example, some scholars
  have applied the label to certain early modern
  forms of literature (especially poetry) and music
  of the 16th and 17th centuries. The term is also
  used to refer to some Late Gothic painters
  working in northern Europe from about 1500 to
  1530, especially the Antwerp Manneristsa group
  unrelated to the Italian movement. Mannerism also
  has been applied by analogy to the Silver Age of
  Latin.
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  ???????,????????????(??Mannerism)????????????????
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  ,?????????????17??????????????????????????????????
  ?????,?????????1525-1600??????????????????????????
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• ????????,Alessandro Allori(1535 -
  1607)?????????????????????????,??????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
• ??? ?????????(Madonna with the Long
  Neck),?????(Parmigianino),?1534-1540??????????????
  ????????????????????

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• Antonio Allegri da Correggio (August 1489 March
  5, 1534), usually known as Correggio, was the
  foremost painter of the Parma school of the
  Italian Renaissance, who was responsible for some
  of the most vigorous and sensuous works of the
  16th century. In his use of dynamic composition,
  illusionistic perspective and dramatic
  foreshortening, Correggio prefigured the Rococo
  art of the 18th century.
• Antonio Allegri was born in Correggio, Italy, a
  small town near Reggio Emilia. His date of birth
  is uncertain (around 1489). His father was a
  merchant. Otherwise, little is known about
  Correggio's life or training. In the years
  1503-1505 he apprenticed to Francesco Bianchi
  Ferrara of Modena. Here he probably knew the
  classicism of artists like Lorenzo Costa and
  Francesco Francia, evidence of which can be found
  in his first works. After a trip to Mantua in
  1506, he returned to Correggio, where he stayed
  until 1510. To this period is assigned the
  Adoration of the Child with St. Elizabeth and
  John, which shows clear influences from Costa and
  Mantegna. In 1514 he probably finished three
  tondos for the entrance of the church of
  Sant'Andrea in Mantua, and then returned to
  Correggio here, as an independent and
  increasingly renowned artist, he signed a
  contract for the Madonna altarpiece in the local
  monastery of St. Francis (now in the Dresden
  Gemäldegalerie).
• ????????????????????Parma???,???????????Barpque?,?
  ?????????????????????????????????????Andrea
  Mantegna??????Leonardo da Vinci????????????40
  ???,?????????????
• 1520 ??,??????Parma??????????????,????????????????
  ?,????????????????????????????????????Assumption
  of The Virgin?,?????????????????,????????????????
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Jupiter and Io (c. 1531) typifies the unabashed
eroticism, radiance, and cool, pearly colors
associated with Correggio's best work
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• Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola (11 January 1503
  24 August 1540), also known as Francesco
  Mazzola or more commonly as Parmigianino (a
  nickname meaning "the little one from Parma") or
  sometimes "Parmigiano", was an Italian Mannerist
  painter and printmaker active in Florence, Rome,
  Bologna, and his native city of Parma. His work
  is characterized by elongation of form and
  includes Vision of Saint Jerome (1527) and the
  Madonna with the Long Neck (1534).
• Parmigianino was also an early Italian etcher, a
  technique that was pioneered in Italy by
  Marcantonio Raimondi, but which appealed to
  draughtsmen though the techniques of printing
  the copper plates require special skills, the
  ease with which acid, when substituted for ink,
  can reproduce the spontaneity of an artist's hand
  attracted Parmigianino, a "master of elegant
  figure drawing". Parmigianino also designed
  chiaroscuro woodcuts, and although his output was
  small he had a considerable influence on Italian
  printmaking. Some of his prints were done in
  collaboration with Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio.
• ???????????,?????????,??????????????????????????Co
  rreggio????,?????????Raphael???????????????,????Va
  sari??????????????????????????,???????????,????
  ?????????????,????????,????????????????????
• ????,???????????????,??????????????????????????,??
  ????????????,?????Madonna with the Long
  Neck???????????????????,????????????????,?????????
  ????????????????Self-portrait in a Convex
  Mirror?,??,????????????????

Bardi Altarpiece (1521).
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Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror (c. 1524) Oil
on wood, diameter 24.4 cm Kunsthistorisches
Museum, Vienna
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• ???????? ?Durer???,??????????????????,????????????
  ????????????????????????Chiaroscuro
  Woodcuts?,????????????????????

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??????Cupid Carving his Bow? 1540 1545
? ???,490 x 385 ?? ??????,?????Florence?,???
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• Jacopo Carucci (May 24, 1494 January 2, 1557),
  usually known as Jacopo da Pontormo, Jacopo
  Pontormo or simply Pontormo, was an Italian
  Mannerist painter and portraitist from the
  Florentine school. His work represents a profound
  stylistic shift from the calm perspectival
  regularity that characterized the art of the
  Florentine Renaissance. He is famous for his use
  of twining poses, coupled with ambiguous
  perspective his figures often seem to float in
  an uncertain environment, unhampered by the
  forces of gravity.
• Pontormo shares some of the mannerism of Rosso
  Fiorentino and of Parmigianino. In some ways he
  anticipated the Baroque as well as the tensions
  of El Greco. His eccentricities also resulted in
  an original sense of composition. At best, his
  compositions are cohesive. The figures in the
  Deposition, for example, appear to sustain each
  other removal of any one of them would cause the
  edifice to collapse. In other works, as in the
  Joseph canvases, the crowding makes for a
  confusing pictorial melee. It is in the later
  drawings that we see a graceful fusion of bodies
  in a composition which includes the oval frame of
  Jesus in the Last Judgement.
• ???????????????????????????,??????Leonardo da
  Vinci??????Piero di Cosimo????????Albertinelli????
  ???? 1512 ???,?????Andrea del Sarto????????????Ros
  so?,??????,??????????Mannerism????????1518
  ?,???????????????,??????Madonna?,??????????????

Portrait of a Halberdier, 1528-1530 Oil on
canvas, 92 x 72 cm J. Paul Getty Museum, Los
Angeles
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Visitation, 1514-16 Fresco 392 x 337 cm SS.
Annunziata, Florence
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Artist Jacopo Pontormo Completion Date
1526 Place of Creation Italy Style Mannerism
(Late Renaissance) Genre religious painting
Gallery Santa Felicita, Cappella Capponi,
Florence, Italy
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• Agnolo di Cosimo (November 17, 1503 November
  23, 1572), usually known as Il Bronzino, or
  Agnolo Bronzino (mistaken attempts also have been
  made in the past to assert his name was Agnolo
  Tori and even Angelo (Agnolo) Allori), was an
  Italian Mannerist painter from Florence. His
  sobriquet, Bronzino, in all probability refers to
  his relatively dark skin.
• Bronzino's work tends to include sophisticated
  references to earlier painters, as in one of his
  last grand frescoes called The Martyrdom of St.
  Lawrence (San Lorenzo, 1569), in which almost
  every one of the extraordinarily contorted poses
  can be traced back to Raphael or to Michelangelo,
  who Bronzino idolized (cf. Brock). Bronzino's
  skill with the nude was even more enigmatically
  deployed in the celebrated Venus, Cupid, Folly
  and Time, which conveys strong feelings of
  eroticism under the pretext of a moralizing
  allegory. His other major works include the
  design of a series of tapestries on The Story of
  Joseph, for the Palazzo Vecchio.
• Many of Bronzino's works are still in Florence
  but other examples can be found in the National
  Gallery, London, and elsewhere.
• ???????????,????Pontormo????,????????Michelangelo?
  ????????????,????????????Cosimo I de
  Medici??????,??????????????
• ???????????????????,??????????????????????????????
  ?,????????fore-shortening???????????????,??????,??
  ???????????????,???????????????????,????????????,?
  ???????Allegory of Lust??????????????,??????????
  ,???????????,????????????????????????

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Eleanor of Toledo (1544-45), oil on wood, Uffizi
Gallery, Florence
Portrait of Lucrezia Panciatichi (circa 1540),
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
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Deposition of Christ (154045), oil on panel,
Museum of Fine Arts of Besançon
Portrait of Laura Battiferri (c. 1560), oil on
canvas, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
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The Wedding at Cana, 15621563. Louvre
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• Paolo Veronese (1528 19 April 1588) was an
  Italian painter of the Renaissance in Venice,
  famous for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana
  and The Feast in the House of Levi. He adopted
  the name Paolo Cagliari or Paolo Caliari, and
  became known as "Veronese" from his birthplace in
  Verona.
• Veronese, Titian, and Tintoretto constitute the
  triumvirate of pre-eminent Venetian painters of
  the late Renaissance (16th century). Veronese is
  known as a supreme colorist, and for his
  illusionistic decorations in both fresco and oil.
  His most famous works are elaborate narrative
  cycles, executed in a dramatic and colorful
  Mannerist style, full of majestic architectural
  settings and glittering pageantry. His large
  paintings of biblical feasts executed for the
  refectories of monasteries in Venice and Verona
  are especially notable. His brief testimony with
  the Inquisition is often quoted for its insight
  into contemporary painting technique.
• ???????Titian??????????????Jacopo Robusti
  Tintoretto??????,??????????????????????
  ???????,????????????????????????????????????,?????
  ??????????????????????????????????????,???????????
  ?????????????,???????The Finding of Moses??
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  ???,????????????????????????????????????,?????????
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• ???????????????Feast in the House of
  Levi??????,?????????????????????????????????????
  ???,???????,????????????????????

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• Tintoretto (Italian pronunciation tinto'ret?o)
  (September 29, 1518 May 31, 1594), real name
  Jacopo Comin, was a Venetian painter and a
  notable exponent of the Renaissance school. For
  his phenomenal energy in painting he was termed
  Il Furioso. His work is characterized by its
  muscular figures, dramatic gestures and bold use
  of perspective in the Mannerist style, while
  maintaining color and light typical of the
  Venetian School.
• In his youth, Tintoretto was also known as Jacopo
  Robusti as his father had defended the gates of
  Padua in a rather robust way against the imperial
  troops during the War of the League of Cambrai
  (15091516). His real name "Comin" has only
  recently been discovered by Miguel Falomir, the
  curator of the Museo del Prado, Madrid, and was
  made public on the occasion of the retrospective
  of Tintoretto at the Prado in 2007. Comin
  translates to the spice cumin in the local
  language.
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• El Greco (1541  7 April 1614) was a painter,
  sculptor and architect of the Spanish
  Renaissance. "El Greco" (The Greek) was a
  nickname, a reference to his ethnic Greek origin,
  and the artist normally signed his paintings with
  his full birth name in Greek letters, ??µ??????
  Te?t???p????? (Doménikos Theotokópoulos), often
  adding the word ???? (Kres, "Cretan").
• El Greco was born on Crete, which was at that
  time part of the Republic of Venice, and the
  centre of Post-Byzantine art. He trained and
  became a master within that tradition before
  travelling at age 26 to Venice, as other Greek
  artists had done. In 1570 he moved to Rome, where
  he opened a workshop and executed a series of
  works. During his stay in Italy, El Greco
  enriched his style with elements of Mannerism and
  of the Venetian Renaissance. In 1577, he moved to
  Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until
  his death. In Toledo, El Greco received several
  major commissions and produced his best-known
  paintings.
• El Greco's dramatic and expressionistic style was
  met with puzzlement by his contemporaries but
  found appreciation in the 20th century. El Greco
  is regarded as a precursor of both Expressionism
  and Cubism, while his personality and works were
  a source of inspiration for poets and writers
  such as Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis.
  El Greco has been characterized by modern
  scholars as an artist so individual that he
  belongs to no conventional school.He is best
  known for tortuously elongated figures and often
  fantastic or phantasmagorical pigmentation,
  marrying Byzantine traditions with those of
  Western painting.
• ??????????????????,?????,?????????????,????Titian
  ????????Michelangelo??????Bassano??????Raphael????
  ?Durer????????Pontormo????????Parmigianino????????
  ??????
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  ???????,??????????,??????????,??????????????

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THE END