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Bones, Bones, and More Bones

• Created by
• Heath Plaxton
• Spring 2003

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Teacher Page
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ATTENTION
NEWS BULLETIN
Explorer Elementary student discovers human bones
while digging in sand box at recess.
Head archeologist, Mr. Plaxton, has determined
the bones to have been buried in the sand box for
more than 300 years. They are thought to be the
remains of the first Fit for Life teacher in
Williamston. It is likely the teacher died from
doing too many pushups. All the bones have been
retrieved from the sand box and now Mr. Plaxton
needs your help to identify them and put them
back together. Please continue on to the next
page to find out how you can help.
Click here to continue.
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Can you help Mr. Plaxton?
Mr. Plaxton has been called out of town to help
paint the Ms on M M candies, so he is unable
to use the bones to reconstruct the skeleton of
the Fit for Life teacher. In order for you to be
able to assist Mr. Plaxton, you need to become a
junior archeologist. To do this, you must first
learn the basics of the human skeletal system.
In addition, you need to be able to identify the
location of various bones within the human body.
Good luck as you begin your quest to be a junior
archeologist.
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Task Page
Click on the boxes to learn more.
Overview of the Human Skeleton
Diagram of the Human Skeleton
Take the Junior Archeologist Quiz
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Overview of the Human Skeletal System
How many bones are there?
Osteology is the science that deals with the
study of bones. Each bone is an organ that plays
a part in how the skeletal system functions. The
skeletal system of an adult human is made up of
206 bones. This number of bones can very
depending on a persons age. For example, at
birth, our bodies consist of about 270 bones.
Over the first three to five years of our life
the number of bones actually increases to around
300. At your age, the number of bones actually
decreases because some of them fuse (connect)
together.
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Overview of the Human Skeletal System
What function do bones have?
Click below for more information
Support
Protection
Body Movement
Production of Blood Cells
Mineral Storage
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Overview of the Human Skeletal System
Support
One function of the skeletal system is to provide
support for your body. The skeleton forms the
base to which muscles and other soft tissues
attach. Without the support of bones, like your
vertebral column (backbone), you would not be
able to stand up. You would simply be like a
puddle on the floor.
Did you know that humans and giraffes have the
same number of bones in their necks?
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Overview of the Human Skeletal System
Protection
A second function of the skeletal system is to
provide protection for the soft, delicate parts
of your body. For example, your cranium (skull)
and spine protect your central nervous system
while your rib cage protects your heart, lungs,
and other internal organs. The skeletal system
protects all the systems of the body.
Did you know that your jawbone is the hardest
bone in your body.
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Overview of the Human Skeletal System
Body Movement
The third function of the skeletal system deals
with body movement. In order to move, muscles
need to pull on bones. When muscles contract,
the bones to which they are attached act as
levers and cause different body parts to move.
The movement takes place at the connection
between bones which is called a joint. There are
different kinds of joints in the body. A hinged
joint, like the one in your knee, allows you to
move your leg back and forth just like a door
hinge. A fixed joint, such as in the skull, has
very little movement at all. Finally, the
ball-and-socket joint, like the one in your
shoulder or leg, enable you to move your arm or
leg 360 degrees like a shower head.
Did you know that the longest bone in our body is
the femur (thigh bone).
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Overview of the Human Skeletal System
Production of Blood Cells
Bones are also important in the production of
blood cells. It is in the hollow center of many
bones that bone marrow makes new red and white
blood cells. The red blood cells ensure that
oxygen is distributed to all parts of your body.
The white blood cells are responsible for
fighting off germs and disease.
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Overview of the Human Skeletal System
Mineral Storage
Bones are storage sites for many minerals. These
minerals give bone its rigidity (hardness) and
much of its weight. Bones contain a lot of
calcium (an element found in milk, broccoli, and
other foods). Calcium is important for bone
growth and development. It is also important for
muscle contractions.
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As you review the bones listed on this diagram,
point them out on your body to a friend.
Cranium
Mandible
Clavicle
Click on the name of the bone that you would
like to learn more about.
Scapula
Sternum
Ribs
Humerus
Spine
Radius
Ulna
Pelvis
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
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Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
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Metatarsals
Tarsals
Phalanges
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Question 1
How many bones does an adult human skeleton have?
A. 100
B. 206
C. 164
D. 370
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End Quiz
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Question 2
Which of the following is not a function of the
skeletal system?
A. Protection
B. Movement
C. Support
D. Mineral Breakdown
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Question 3
Which is the longest bone in the body?
A. Femur
B. Humerus
C. Tibia
D. Clavicle
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Question 4
What science deals with the study of bones?
A. Zoology
B. Boneology
C. Osteology
D. Biology
Review
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Question 20
What bone is between the radius and the clavicle?
A. Cranium
B. Humerus
C. Fibula
D. Patella
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Congratulations!
You are now a junior archeologist.
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Teacher Page
What the project is about?
Bones, Bones, and More Bones was designed to help
students learn about the characteristics of the
skeletal system as well as identifying the
location of human bones.
Intended Audience

• All third grade students
• New students to our district to help catch them
  up on information about the skeletal system
• For teachers as an additional resource

Pedagogy

• Self-guided/individualized exploration of human
  skeletal system
• Immediate feedback for correct and incorrect
  responses
• Knowledge is presented in a logical, step-by-step
  order
• Promotion of student interest through graphics
  and audio
• Reinforcement through kinesthetic awareness
• Students have choice with deductive and inductive
  learning (i.e. inductive question
  first,deductive information first)

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Sternum
Manubrium
Sternum
Body
Xiphoid Process
The "sternum" is the medical name for the
breastbone. This is a long, narrow, flat plate
that forms the center of the front of the chest.
It develops in three parts an upper portion
(manubrium), a middle portion (body), and a lower
portion (xiphoid process) that projects down.
The sternum assists the ribs in protecting the
chest cavity.
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Humerus
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
The humerus is the bone of the upper arm. The
smooth, dome-shaped head of the bone socket of
the scapula (shoulder blade) to form the shoulder
joint. It joins with the bones of the lower arm
(the ulna and radius) to make up the elbow. Some
people say the "funny bone" is named because it
is next to the humerus. It really isn't a bone at
all, but is a nerve, which passes under a of the
humerus, where it is vulnerable.
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Spine
Spine
Individual Vertebrae
The spine is a column of bone and cartilage that
extends from the base of the skull to the pelvis.
It encloses and protects the spinal cord and
supports the trunk of the body and the head. The
spinal cord is a column of nerve tracts running
from every area of the body to the brain. The
spine is made up of approximately thirty-three
bones called "vertebrae.
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Ulna
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
The ulna is the longer of the two bones of the
forearm the other being the radius. When the
palm faces forward, the ulna is the inner bone
(the one nearest the body pinky finger side).
The upper end of the ulna joins with the radius
and fits around the lower end of the humerus (the
upper arm bone). This forms the elbow joint. The
lower end of the ulna is rounded and forms a
joint with the wrist bones (carpals).
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Metacarpals
Carpals
Metacarpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
The metacarpal is one of five, long cylinder
shaped bones in the body of the hand. The bones
run from the carpal bones of the wrist to the
base of each digit (phalange) of the hand. On the
palm of the hand, these are padded by a thick
layer of fibrous, connective tissue on the back
of the hand, they can be seen and felt through
the skin. The heads of the metacarpal bones form
the knuckles.
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Patella
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Patella is the technical name for the kneecap,
the triangular-shaped bone at the front of the
knee joint. The patella is held in place by
muscles and is located between the femur and the
lower leg bones (tibia and fibula). The patella
helps to protect the knee joint.
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Fibula
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
The fibula is the outer and thinner of the two
long bones of the lower leg. It is much narrower
than the other bone (tibia or shin), to which it
runs parallel to. The upper end of the fibula
does not reach the knee, but the lower end
descends below the shin and forms part of the
ankle. Its main function is to provide attachment
for muscles. It doesn't give much support or
strength to the leg.
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Metatarsals
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
The metatarsal is one of five long, cylinder
shaped bones in the foot. The bones make up the
central skeleton of the foot and are held in an
arch formation by surrounding ligaments. The
metatarsal bones are joined to the toe bones
(phalanges) and the ankle bones (tarsals).
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Phalanges
Distal Phalange
Fibula
Tibia
Middle Phalange
Proximal Phalange
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
The phalanges are the small bones that make up
the skeleton of the toes. Each toe has three
phalanges except for the big toe. It has two.
The phalange nearest the body of the foot is call
the "proximal" phalange the one at the end of
each digit is the "distal" phalange and, of
course, when there are three, the middle one is
called the "middle" phalange.
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Cranium
Cranium
Mandible
The cranium or skull is the bony section of the
head. The skull encases and protects the brain,
houses the brain senses, provides attachments for
muscles of the head and neck, and helps to form
the first portions of the respiratory and
digestive tracts. The skull rests on the first
vertebra.
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Mandible
Cranium
Mandible
The mandible is also known as the jaw bone. It
is the hardest bone in the human body. It also
assists in chewing and laughing.
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Clavicle
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus
Sternum
Ribs
The clavicle is the collarbone. There are two of
these bones, each curved a little like an "f,"
that join the top of the breastbone (sternum) to
the shoulder blade (scapula). The clavicles
support the arms and transmit force from the arms
into the central skeleton.
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Scapula
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
"Scapula" is the technical name for the shoulder
blade. It is a flat, triangular bone that lies
over the back of the upper ribs. The rear surface
can be felt under the skin. It serves as an
attachment for some of the muscles and tendons of
the arm, neck, chest and back and aids in the
movements of the arm and shoulder. It is well
padded with muscle so that great force is
required to fracture it.
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Ribs
Sternum
Ribs
Cartilage
Ribs are flat, curved bones that form the
framework of the chest and make up a cage to
protect the heart, lungs and other upper organs.
There are twelve pairs of ribs, each joined at
the back of the cage to a vertebra in the spine.
Between the ribs, and attached to them, are thin
sheets of muscle that help to expand and relax
the chest during breathing. There are seven true
ribs attached to the sternum directly by their
costal cartilages. The remaining five pairs are
called "false ribs," because their cartilages do
not reach the sternum directly.
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Radius
Radius
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
The radius is the shorter of the two long bones
of the forearm. The other is the ulna. The radius
is the bone on the thumb side of the arm. The
radius has a broad base that joins the lower end
of the ulna and the upper bones of the wrist. The
upper end of the radius, which is smaller than
the base, joins the lower end of the humerus
(bone in the upper arm) to form the elbow joint.
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Pelvis
Hip Bone
Pelvis
Coccyx (Tail Bone)
The pelvis is a ring of bones in the lower trunk
of the body, which is bounded by the coccyx (tail
bone) and the hip bones. The pelvis protects
abdominal organs such as the bladder and
reproductive organs. The pelvis also helps to
support the weight of the body.
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Carpals
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
The skeleton of the wrist consists of eight small
"carpal bones" that are firmly bound in two rows
of four bones each. The resulting mass is called
the "carpus. The carpal bones are often
referred to as the wrist bones because they make
the connection between the forearm bones (radius
and ulna) and the metacarpals or the first joint
of the fingers.
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Phalanges
Carpals
Metacarpals
Proximal Phalange
Phalanges
Middle Phalange
Distal Phalange
The phalanges are the small bones that make up
the skeleton of the fingers and thumb. Each
finger has three phalanges the thumb has two.
The phalange nearest the body of the hand or foot
is call the "proximal" phalange the one at the
end of each digit is the "distal" phalange and,
of course, when there are three, the middle one
is called the "middle" phalange.
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Femur
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
The "femur" is the thigh bone, the longest bone
in the body. The lower end joins the tibia (shin)
to form the knee joint. The upper end is rounded
into a ball that fits into a socket in the
pelvis. This makes up the hip joint. The top or
ball of the femur gives the hip joint a wide
range of movement.
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Tibia
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
The tibia or shin bone is the inner and thicker
of the two long bones in the lower leg. The tibia
is the supporting bone of the lower leg and runs
parallel to the other, smaller bone (the fibula).
The front of the tibia lies just below the skin
and can easily be felt. The upper end joins the
femur to form the knee joint, and the lower end
forms part of the ankle joint.
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Tarsals
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
The foot consists of an ankle, an instep, and
five toes. The ankle is composed of seven "tarsal
bones," forming a group called the tarsus. These
bones are arranged so that one of them, the
"talus," can move freely where it joins the tibia
and fibula (lower leg bones). The remaining
tarsal bones are bound firmly together, forming a
mass on which the talus rests.
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Question 5
What is the flexible connection between bones
that allows movement to occur called?
A. Internet
B. Joints
C. Marrow
D. Sternum
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Question 6
What is another name for the knee cap?
A. Patella
B. Femur
C. Tibia
D. Radius
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Question 7
Which of the following bones help to protect
vital areas of the body?
A. Cranium
B. Spine
C. Ribs
D. All of the above
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Question 8
What part of a bone is responsible for making red
and white blood cells?
A. The Ends
B. The Outside
D. The Joint
C. The Hollow Center
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Question 9
What is the most common mineral found in all
bones?
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Potassium
D. Iron
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Question 10
What is another name for the jaw bone?
B. Clavicle
A. Mandible
C. Tibia
D. Ulna
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Question 11
What is the name of the bone that is on the thumb
side of the forearm?
A. Tibia
B. Ulna
C. Fibula
D. Radius
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Question 12
What is the technical name for the fingers and
toes?
A. Femurs
B. Ribs
D. Fibulas
C. Phalanges
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Question 13
What is the technical name for the shoulder blade?
B. Ulna
A. Scapula
C. Clavicle
D. Tarsal
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Question 14
Which bone is not part of the foot or ankle?
A. Tarsal
B. Phalanges
C. Metatarsals
D. Carpals
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Question 15
What is the name of the bone that the red arrow
is pointing at?
A. Cranium
B. Mandible
D. Carpal
C. Clavicle
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Question 16
What is the technical name for the shin bone?
A. Fibula
B. Radius
C. Ulna
D. Tibia
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Question 17
What is the name of the bone that the red arrow
is pointing at?
A. Femur
B. Sternum
C. Radius
D. Metatarsal
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Question 18
What is the technical name for the collar bone?
A. Scapula
B. Tibia
D. Patella
C. Clavicle
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Question 19
What is the name of the bone that the red arrow
is pointing at?
A. Femur
B. Spine
C. Humerus
D. Tibia
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Teacher Page Continued
Instructional Objectives
The learner will be able to identify human bones
and their characteristics

• Growth Development component of the Michigan
  Model for Comprehensive School Health Education
  Curriculum.
• Characteristics of human beings
• Recognition of six body systems
• Functions of six body systems
• Parts and functions of skeletal system

Life Science - Elementary Organization of Living
ThingsStandard SCI.III.2 All students will use
classification systems to describe groups of
living things compare and contrast differences
in the life cycles of living things investigate
and explain how living things obtain and use
energy and analyze how parts of living things
are adapted to carry out specific functions.All
Elementary Resources for Standard
SCI.III.2 Benchmark SCI.III.2.E.1Explain
characteristics and functions of observable body
parts in a variety of animals.Resources for
Benchmark SCI.III.2.E.1
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Teacher Page Continued
Active Response

• Learner can choose to take a self-guided tour of
  the skeletal system to learn about the location
  and function of various bones and then take a
  quiz demonstrating their understanding
  (inductive)
• Learners can choose to take the quiz first and
  then read the information provided (deductive)
• Overt responses are used in the form of
  kinesthetic actions by pointing out various bones
  on the learners body

Feedback

• Immediate feedback is provided in the form of a
  correct or incorrect response on the quiz.
• Correct responses signal the students to progress
  to the next question
• Incorrect responses allow the students the
  opportunity to try again or review more
  information
• Graphics and sounds are utilized to keep the
  students interested in continuing with the project

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Teacher Page Continued
Teacher Resources
1. The PE Central site has great lesson plan
ideas for teachers - http//pecentral.org/lesso
nideas/ViewLesson.asp?ID1075
2. This Gettysburg site is an excellent resource
for teachers - http//www.gettysburg.edu/academic
s/hes/Unit/skeletal_system_lesson_plans.html
3. Teach-nology has wonderful teacher links
that pertain to the skeletal system -
http//teachers.teach-nology.com/themes/science/hu
manb/
Student Resources
1. This eskeletons site provides useful
information pertaining to individual bones -
http//www.eskeletons.org/
2. Medtropolis is a great site that allows for
exploration of a virtual body -
http//www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp
3. Teach-nology has wonderful student links that
pertain to the skeletal systemhttp//teachers.teac
h-nology.com/themes/science/humanb/
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