Title: Lecture 5 Theological Developments 312 - 604
1Lecture 5Theological Developments312 - 604
- Dr. Ann T. Orlando
- 15 February 2011
2Introduction
- Review of History 312-604
- Church and Social Issues
- Women
- Sex
- Two Critical Contributions By Augustine to
Western Theology - Evil
- Pelagian Controversy
- Spirituality
- Monasticism
- Pilgrimages
- Spiritual Progress
- Review Readings
3Historical Review 312-604
- Constantine the Great
- Church Councils
- Barbarian Invasions, especially in West
- Western Catholicism starts to look toward Europe,
away from Eastern Mediterranean, as center of
gravity
4Status of Women in Patristic Period (100-600s)
- First rule evaluate social issues within their
historical context second rule same as first - Unlike most philosophical schools Christianity
welcomed women - Women were honored with highest rank among
Christians martyrdom Perpetua and Felicity
Agnes, Lucy, Celia, Anastasia, etc. - Many (most) Patristic authors had intellectual
and/or mystical relationships with women - John Chrysostom and Olympias
- Jerome and Paula
- Basil, Gregory and Macrina
- Pope Leo I and Pulcharia
- Augustine and Monica
- Benedict and Scholastica
- Much literature from/about women in this period
is in fact extant (especially letters)
5Patristic Understanding of Sex
- Remember first and second rules of social
analysis - Control of passions was important aspect of all
philosophical schools of time, including
Epicureanism (ethics based on pleasure) - Jovinian vs. Jerome
- Both were priests in Rome
- Jovinian held that married state was equally holy
as being a consecrated virgin - Jerome adamantly supported virginity over
marriage only valid purpose of sex was to
create more virgins - Jerome forced to leave Rome goes to Jerusalem
and Bethlehem works on an authoritative
translation of Bible into Latin (Vulgate)
6Augustine and Marriage
- Honored his mother and father in their marriage
(Confessions Book IX) - Augustine wrote On the Goods of Marriage as the
middle way between Jerome and Jovinian - While viewing virginity as the better way of
life, Augustine also recognized several types of
goods in marriage in addition to procreation - Jeromes views are often ascribed to Augustine
see Markus p. 69-70
7Orthodox Understanding of Evil
- Recall that in Confessions Book III, Augustine
abandons Catholic Christianity for two reasons - Old Testament does not make sense
- Theodicy (how can there be evil if there is a
good, almighty creator God) - Augustine finds resolution to this in Book VII,
based on Plotinus. - Evil is the absence of a good that should be
there. - Biblical-based response developed by Patristic
authors is evil and suffering teach us virtue - But does is this completely satisfying? Some
modern theologians (John Hick, process theology)
think not they look to Irenaeus and his view of
Adam and Eve as children in the garden of Eden.
Humanity is continuing to evolve. - But then how to explain importance of
recapitulation in Irenaeus
8Pelagian Controversy Introduction
- The Key Players
- Monk Pelagius, from England, d. 419 in
Constantinople - His disciple, Julian of Eclanum, bishop in
Sicily, d. 454 - Opposing both, Augustine of Hippo, d. 430
- Key Elements
- Free will
- Sin
- Grace
- Justification
- Predestination
- Key Biblical passages in disputed interpretation
Genesis and Romans (in fact exactly what we read
for First Sunday of Lent) - Both Pelagius and Augustine write a Commentary on
Romans - Footnote a primary source for Pelagius theology
is his letter to Demetrius, a Roman nun
9Pelagian Controversy Issues
- Free will
- Pelagian humanity has total free will as long
as we know what is right we can do what is right - Augustine yes we have free will, but our ability
to know and act is darkened by sin - Augustine also often means by free will a will
freed from the inclination to sin - Sin
- Pelagians Adams sin was his personal sin sin
is always a willful personal act committed
against God by someone who should know better and
be able to do better within our own power to
avoid sin - Adams sin was a disease that entered into
humanity only Gods grace can cure this disease
only with Gods grace can we really know and do
the right
10Pelagian Controversy Issues (cont.)
- Grace
- Pelagians external enlightenment from God (e.g.,
Gospels) so we can know the good also reward for
doing good - Augustine grace is needed to do good
- Justification
- Pelagians justified through our good works its
all up to us - Augustine only Gods freely given grace can
justify - Predestination
- Pelagians God does not predestine us infants
not Baptized go to heaven - Augustine Because of original sin, all justly
condemned (massa damnata) by his graciousness,
God elects a few for salvation Baptism a
necessary, but not sufficient, condition for
salvation
11Legacy of Pelagian Controversy
- Catholic (Western) Church at Council of Orange,
529 - accepts Augustines views on free will, grace,
sin, justification - accepts necessity of Baptism
- accepts predestination of elect, but refuses to
say anyone is predestined to hell (i.e., rejects
double predestination) - These issues are doctrinal flash point of
Reformation all sides will claim Augustine for
their own - See CCC
12Spirituality after Constantine
- Problems
- How to lead a truly Christian life when martyrdom
is no longer an option how to become a saint? - It had become too easy, too socially and
politically important to be a Christian - Solutions The Way (path) of Jesus
- Monasticism
- Pilgrimage
- Stages of Spiritual Development
- Types of Spirituality
13Development of Monasticism Early 4th C
- Desert Monks (from Greek for solitary), primarily
in Egypt anchorites withdrawn from society - Most famous Anthony (251-356),
- Athanasius (Bishop of Alexandria, opposed Arius)
wrote a very influential life of Anthony,
example Augustine Confessions Book VIII - Communal monasticism cenobitic
- Many attracted to this way of life, come together
in groups - Rule of St. Pachomius (286 346)
- Pachomius sister, Mary, establishes an Egyptian
monastery for women
14Whats a Rule
- Prescribes the way of life for the community
- Includes what prayers are said when
- Defines balance between work, study, prayer
- Community organization (abbot, monks, novices)
and how leaders are selected - Process for acceptance into community
- How new communities are created
- Relation between community and diocese
15Later 4th C Monastic Developments
- Three Cappadocians Basil, Gregory of Nyssa,
Gregory Nazianzan - Famous for Trinitarian theology
- Basils Rule for Monks
- But the smartest, most spiritual one, The
Teacher, was Macrina (sister of Basil and Gregory
of Nyssa) established a retreat house in her home - Augustine organizes his clergy in Hippo as in a
monastery, writes a Rule (maybe)
16Early 5th C Monastic Developments
- John Cassian (360-435),
- Born in France, spent time as an anchorite in
Egypt - Brought Pachomius Rule back with him
- Made it available in West in his Divine
Institutes and Conferences - Wrote against Augustine in the Pelagian
controversy - Revered as a saint in the East, but not the West
176th C Monastic Developments
- St. Benedict of Nursia (480-547)
- Hugely influenced by Pachomius via John Cassian
- Established an order of Monks, now known as
Benedictines, governed by his Rule - Founded a monastery outside of Rome, Monte Casino
- Sister, Scholastic, founded an order of nuns to
follow the Rule - Most popular religious order in West until 13th C
- Pope St. Gregory Great (546-604)
- Benedictine
- Wrote a life of Benedict
- Reformed Roman clergy around monastic model
- Earliest extant life of Gregory written by a nun
in Whitby, 8th C
18Pilgrimages
- A way to become closer to Jesus and the martyrs
- Started with remembrance of acts of martyrs and
celebrations at their burial places - After Constantine, more far reaching
- People who could not give up their life to enter
monastery - Needed some special way to demonstrate their
faith - Also way to atone for sins
- Starts with Helena, Constantines mother, in
Jerusalem - Remember, 4th C pilgrimage nothing like 21st C
pilgrimage - Dangerous very high probability of death
- Expensive
- Very arduous and tedious (lasting year or more)
- Most famous early record of pilgrimages by
Egeria, 4th C woman - Born in Spain or France
- Spent 3 years on pilgrimage
- Her journal gives earliest description of
liturgies in Jerusalem during Holy Week
19The Idea of Spiritual Progress
- Both monasticism and pilgrimages encourage
following the Way of Jesus - Gregory of Nyssa opposes pilgrimages because so
often undertaken for wrong reasons - God is everywhere, simply being in a holy place
does not make you holy - A pilgrimage should not be a requirement for a
holy life - He did, himself, go to Jerusalem
- Augustine emphasizes that the real pilgrimage is
our life journey to our heavenly home - Journeys to earthly Jerusalem are the metaphor
for our real pilgrimage our life - Development of approaches to spirituality
- Biblically based, usually with a highly
allegorical interpretation - Intended to be accessible to everyone, found in
homilies - Well defined steps in approach to spiritual life
- Note Plotinus developed spiritual steps for unity
with The One
20Major Elements to Spiritual Progress
- Three Stages
- Purgation
- Illumination
- Unity
- In different authors, there may be several steps
within each stage - Gregory of Nyssa (and many others, including
Origen, rabbis, Bernard of Clairvaux) Commentary
on Song of Songs - Proverbs first stage (purgation)
- Ecclesiastes second stage (illumination)
- Song of Songs third stage (unity)
21Types of Spirituality
- Both types include purgation, illumination and
unity stages - Spiritual masters suggested steps for both ways
- Apophatic (via negativa)
- Move toward God away from creation God as
transcendent - Discourages use of senses Emotions suppressed
- Heart is only satisfied with God
- Bridal mysticism
- Example Monasticism
- Kataphatic (via positiva)
- Approaching God through creation incarnation and
passion of Jesus - Encourages use of sense Emotions are excited
- God has a history in the world
- Service mysticism
- Example Pilgrimages
22Readings
- Markus, Ch 2 in McManners (62-91)
- Read all carefully
- Very good discussion of cult of martyrs 73-84
- Gregory of Nyssa Commentary on Song of Songs
- Written for a group of nuns, really a series of
sermons - Note relation of literal and spiritual meanings
- Read carefully in Prolog J3-J5 J13 in First
Homily J14-20 J26-42 - Look for mention of Song of Songs in Deus Caritas
Est
23Readings (cont.)
- Augustine Confessions Books VII, VIII, IX Its
Augustine, what can I say, except to read it all
carefully. However, to emphasize the idea of
spiritual progress, read the following - Book VII iv-v, vii-xxi
- Book VIII all
- Book IX vi, x-xiii
- Benedict Rule, Prolog Ch. 7
- At least skim Prolog Ch 4
- Read steps of humility in Ch 5 -7 carefully
- CCC 404-406, 1037, 1257-1261, 385, 2683-2691,
925-929