The Unification of Germany and Italy

1
The Unification of Germany and Italy

• Nationalism
• Intense feeling of pride or loyalty to ones
  group or nation. - Driving force behind
  unification effort

2
German Unification

• Early forms of unification
• Junkers
• Influential aristocratic landowners
• Persuaded Prussias leaders to do away with
  Tariffs (breaks down trade barriers)
• Zollverein
• Economic Union
• Reduced tariffs, other trade barriers
• Made uniform system of currency, and weights

3
PrussiaOtto Von Bismarck

• Appointed Prime Minister of Prussia by King
  William I
• Believed in strong government and powerful army
• Realpolitik (politics of reality)
• Blood and Iron speech
• War...if justified...could be used as a method of
  expanding German interests

4
3 Wars

• War Against Denmark (1864)
• Dispute over Schleswig and Holstein
• Defeated by Prussia and Austria
• Schleswig to Prussia
• Holstein to Austria
• Seven Weeks War (1866)
• Prussia vs. Austria
• Prussia wins
• Ended chance of Austria being in control of
  Germany
• North German Confederation (1867)
• North of Main River
• Southern States
• Catholic

5
3 Wars (Continued)

• Franco-Prussian War
• Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern offered Spanish
  throne
• Cousin of William I of Prussia
• Napoleon III against this move
• No Hohenzollern on Spanish throne
• War begins July 19, 1870
• Southern states join northern states
• Prussians easily defeat French (4 months)
• Gain access to Alsace and Lorraine (France
  bitter)

6
Formation of an Empire

• German states officially united (1871)
• technically separatebut united too
• (Kind of like our own 13 colonies)
• William I
• Kaiser
• Bismarck
• Chancellor

7
The Unification of Italy
8
Early Unification efforts

• Italian Nationalism
• Risorgimento (resurgence or revival)
• Desire for national independence
• Spurs effort to unite Italy
• Young Italy
• Giuseppe Mazzini (founder)
• Leads uprising Sicily (1848)

9
Piedmont (Sardinia)Count Camillo di Cavour

• Count Cavour
• Appointed Prime Minister by King Victor
• Emmanuel II
• Goals
• Industrial Growth
• Increase Piedmonts national interest in foreign
  affairs by siding with foreign powers
• Not a military power (have to be more diplomatic
  than Prussia)
• Ex. - Supported France and Britain in Crimean War

10
War with Austria

• France joins Piedmont against Austria
• Lombardy to Piedmont
• Austria keeps Venetia
• Cavours success leads to more rebellion in other
  areas
• Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagna demand to be
  joined with Piedmont
• April 1860
• Emmanuel II accepts the territories
• Savoy and Nice are given to France

11
Southern Italy

• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Leader of nationalist group (Red Shirts) in
  Southern Italy
• Exiled after being part of a revolt
• Went to South America (Brazil) becomes an
  expert in guerrilla warfare
• 1860 takes control of Kingdom of Two Sicilies
• South is United with North 1861
• Garibaldi yields to Piedmont
• New state of Italy proclaimed 1861

12
Venetia and Rome

• Italy allies itself with Prussia (at war with
  Austria)
• Acquires Venetia
• Rome
• acquired due to Franco-Prussian War
• French troops pull out of Rome
• Emmanuel II moves capital from Florence to Rome
• Italy formally recognized as independent state in
  1871

13
Similarities and Differences

• Ways the two unifications are similar
• Timing similar time frame (1815-1871) Why?
• Congress of Vienna v. Enlightenment
• Use military means to achieve goals (involved in
  multiple wars)
• Two major kingdoms/prime ministers lead way for
  unification (Prussia/Bismarck and
  Piedmont/Cavour)
• Split between North and South
• Ways they are different
• Prussia has much stronger military force than
  Piedmont Piedmont must rely more on alliances
• Italian unification involves multiple leaders
  (Mazzini, Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II, and
  Garibaldi) and various nationalist groups to
  rally people. Bismarck dominant figure in German
  unification.