Pre-Class: Reading from the Qur

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Pre-Class Reading from the Quran
(handout) Place a checkmark (5 total) next to
each conclusion you can make about Islam based on
the excerpts AND underline the evidence for each
conclusion checked.
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Understanding Islam

• Why should we study the religion of Islam?
• There are over 1 billion Muslims in the world.

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Islam Identifications

• Muslim person who follows Islam
• Kaaba Islams holiest shrine located in Mecca
  Arabic for cube
• Quran secret text, holy book of Islam
• Mecca birth place of Islam, holiest city, Saudi
  Arabia
• Mosque Muslim house of worship
• Allah Arabic for God same as J and C
• Medina first Islamic community, 2nd Holy city,
  Muhammad gains political and religious power
  City of the Prophet
• Hejira 622 Muhammads journey from Mecca to
  Medina marks first expansion of Islam
• Jerusalem 3rd Holiest city to Islam Dome of
  the Rock

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Five Pillars of Islam

• Islam means (2)
• to submit/submission
• Five Pillars of Islam (3)
• Declaration of Faith (Shahada)
• Prayers (Salah)
• Charity (Sawm)
• Fasting (Zakat)
• Pilgrimage (Hajj)

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The Rise and Spread of Islam
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Arabia in the 7th Century
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(No Transcript)
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Arabian People

• Nomads/Bedouins
• Farmers
• Traders
• Tribes

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Paganism

• Worshipped many gods
• Chief god was Allah meaning simply the God.

Al-Uzza
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Mecca
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Arabia

• These Arab people were pagans, meaning they
  worshipped many gods.
• The center of Arabic pagan worship was in a town
  called Mecca.
• Pilgrims would travel to Mecca to worship the
  Kaaba
• The Kaaba sacred shine that housed images of
  all the Arab gods. Also contained a black
  stone-probably a meteorite, which the Arabs
  thought was sent from heaven

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Trade Routes
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Muhammad (4)

• Born CE 570
• From Quraysh tribe
• Marries Khadija
• Merchant/trader
• Meditated in desert
• Daughter Fatima married to cousin Ali
• Video 329

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Muhammad Founder of Islam

• Muhammad was born in Mecca about 570.
• His parents died when he was very young, but he
  was sent to live with his uncle, who was a
  Bedouin tribesman, even before they died.
• Muhammad became a merchant.
• When he was 25, he met a wealthy widow named
  Khadija, and married her.

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Muhammad (5)

• Final Prophet/Founder of Islam
• Means to surrender/submit (2)
• Messages from God compiled in the Quran
• Spread the message of one God

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The Quran

• Muhammad memorized, word for word, everything the
  Angel Gabriel spoke to him. It was eventually
  written down by scribes.
• These writings are known as the Quran.
• Quran means recitation.
• it is the holy book for Muslims, containing
  guidance in all matters

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The Quran (Koran)

• The Quran provides guidance on every aspect of
  human life from history and economics to
  morality, criminal and civil law, gender issues,
  social values, Judaism and Christianity, past
  prophets, and even science
• Any translation of the Quran from Arabic into a
  different language means that it is not entirely
  accurate

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Similarities with Christianity and Judaism

• Universality of Humankind
• Along with Judaism and Christianity, Islam
  emphasizes the dignity and equality of humankind
• No Arab has any superiority over a non-ArabNor
  does a white man have any superiority over a
  black man, or the black man any superiority over
  the white man. You are all the children of Adam,
  and Adam was created from clay.

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Similarities with Christianity and Judaism

• Belief in an Afterlife
• Along with Jews and Christians, Muslims believe
  that we will be held accountable for our actions
  in the next life
• We shall set up scales of justice for the day of
  Judgment, so that not a soul will be dealt with
  unjustly in the least.

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The Hejira

• Muhammad began to speak about this new religion
  to the Arab tribes people around Mecca.
• Some began to follow him. Others did not like
  his message, and plotted to kill both him and his
  followers.
• In 622, Muhammad and his followers fled from
  Mecca to Yathrib, a town to the north.
• This journey was known as the hejira.
• Yathrib was later renamed Medina, which means
  City of the Prophet.

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Medina and Hejira 622
Marks the beginning of expansion of Islam (10)
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Sacredness of Jerusalem

• Night Journey from the nearest mosque to the
  farthest (al-Aqsa) mosque - 619 AD in Jerusalem
• Is believed to be when Muhammad flew to
  Jerusalem and met with the old Prophets Abraham
  and Moses

The Night Journey
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(No Transcript)
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People of the Book ( 6)

• Muhammads Term for Jews and Christians
• Cause followed Gods teachings
• Old and New Testament were Gods words but had
  been corrupted over time
• Christianity and Judaism influenced Islam

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Return to Mecca 628AD
Mecca
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Kaaba

• Housed 360 idols
• Muhammad Smashed idols and dedicated to God (360)
  (5)
• Pilgrimages during holy month Dhul-Hijjah

Kabah
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Al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca

• .

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What do you think?

• What are some of the implications that flowed
  from Muhammads smashing the idols at the Kabah?

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Farewell Speech

• Tribes throughout Arabia acknowledged Muhammads
  authority and converted to Islam
• Muhammad delivered farewell speech in 632
• Muhammad died without designating a successor

Mosque of the Prophet, Medina
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Two Main Branches of Islam
Battle of Karbala 661 A.D.
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Schism

• Disagreement over style and qualifications
• Bloody massacre
• (11) Split into Sunni and Shia during Umayyad
  Dynasty Mid 600s
• over the choosing of caliph successor to
  Muhammad as leader of Islamic community (11)
• (12) Sunni 80 caliph based on merit anyone
• Shi'ite/Shia caliph descendent of Muhammad

Shrine at Karbala
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Concept of Jihad

• According the the Quran
• You may fight in the cause of God against
  those who attack you, but do not aggress. God
  does not love the aggressors. 2190
• This directive has often been misinterpreted as
  sanctioning Holy War.

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7. Hadith, Quran, and Sunnah make up the
Sharia Sharia sacred law of Islam Hadith
accounts and sayings of Muhammad Sunnah custom
the way of life of Muhammad 8. oneness of God and
Muhammad Final Prophet 9. Birth, Marriage,
Death 10. Hejira (622), Muslim Army united by
Jihad (to struggle to be the best Muslim/Holy
War) and promise of riches, resentment of
foreign rule, Conversion (equality of believers),
tolerance
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11. Umayyad, choosing a caliph 12. Shia (Shiite)
and Sunni 13. Halal In Arabic, the word halal
means permitted or lawful. Halal foods are foods
that are allowed under Islamic dietary
guidelines No pork or alcohol
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Five Pillars of Islam

• Declaration of Faith (Shahada)
• Prayers (Salah)
• Charity (Sawm)
• Fasting (Zakat)
• Pilgrimage (Hajj) Video 200

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(No Transcript)
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Ramadan (14)

• 9th month of the Islamic/lunar calendar
• Month that Qur'an to Muhammad
• Fasting from sunup to sundown
• Focus on relationship with God/spiritually
• Night of Power
• last days of the month it is believed that
  Muhammad first received the Qur'an.
• Eid ul-Fitr
• holiday that marks the end of Ramadan and fasting

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Islam, Christianity, and Judaism Similarities

• Monotheism
• Prophethood
• Old Testament
• Golden Rule
• 10 Commandments
• Jerusalem Holy
• Judgment Day
• Heaven
• Prayer

• Fasting
• Charity
• Coming of Age
• Pilgrimage
• Dietary Laws

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Early Islamic Empires
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The Spread of Islam

• Within 120 years of the Prophet Muhammads death,
  the religion of Islam had spread from the Arabian
  Peninsula to include the following areas
• http//www.explorethemed.com/RiseIslam.asp

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Early Caliphates
Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 A.D.)
Emphasis on Arab Culture Language
Capital Damascus, Syria
Sunni Muslim
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Umayyads (661750)
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Umayyad Culture
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
Al-Aqsa (furthest) mosque, built CE 715
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Shiism Today
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Umayyad Decline

• Fragmentation
• split
• Non-Arabs
• Leadership problems

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Early Caliphates
Abbassid Dynasty (750-1250 AD)
Included People from other cultures
Capital Baghdad
Golden Age of Muslim Civilization
Persians
Indians

• Advances in architecture
• Control of trade routes
• Advances in science, medicine, mathematics
• Poetry and philosophy

Turks
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Abbasids (7501258)First 100 years 1st Golden
Age (15)
Because of economic power, medicine, science,
math, and architecture
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Islams First Golden Age

• The Abbassid Caliphate was established in 750
  A.D.
• The capital of this new Islamic Empire was
  established in Baghdad, not Damascus.
• Founded by al-Mansur, the second caliph of the
  Abbassid Dynasty.
• This new caliphate was more inclusive of
  different people, including Persians, Turks, and
  Indians, which gave it more appeal.

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Islams First Golden Age

• Commerce and Economics
• This new empire controlled the trade routes
  between the East (India and China) and the
  Mediterranean, Africa, and Europe.
• This led to thriving, wealthy cities, such as
  Baghdad.
• To help trade prosper, the Abbassids developed
  many useful business practices.

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Abbasid Culture

• Trade revival
• Arabic numerals
• Algebra

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Science and Medicine

• Astrolabe
• Medicine
• Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
• Muhammad Al-Razi
• Muslims used the magnetic needle to produce the
  mariners compass, as well as the astrolabe.
• These inventions would become VERY important
  during the Age of Discovery hundreds of years
  later.

Astrolabe
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Medieval Renaissance Man

• Ibn Sina known also as Avicenna
• Wrote more than 100 books on astronomy, music,
  philosophy, medicine, and poetry

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Islams First Golden Age

• Advances in Learning
• Muslim scholars translated ancient Greek works on
  philosophy, science, and mathematics.
• Muslims also made advances in the fields of
  medicine, mathematics, and architecture
• They gave us beautiful poetry, such as The
  Rubaiyat, and A Thousand and One Nights

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Islams First Golden Age

• Muhammad al Razi
• Muslim doctor who stressed eating a balanced
  diet.
• Encouraged high professional standards for
  doctors, including education and qualifying
  exams.
• Wrote 50 books on medicine

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Hadith
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Mosques
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Abbasid Decline
Mosque of Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil
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The Moors The Visigoths had ruled Spain until
711, when the Moors crossed into Spain from North
Africa. For the next three centuries, the Moors
controlled most of Spain by establishing a
caliphate, or religious center, in Cordoba.
Spain enjoyed a golden age. The Moors were able
administrators who built Spain into a thriving
center of culture and scholarship. The Moors were
Muslims, but they were generally tolerant of the
Christians and Jews who lived in Spain. Spanish
Jews benefited from the tolerant policies of the
Moors. This enabled them to have one of the most
prosperous periods in their history. Christian
kingdoms in northern Spain and France slowly
began the Reconquista (or reconquest) of Spain, a
struggle that lasted almost 500 years. Quarrels
among the Moors led to the overthrow of the
caliphate of Cordoba in 1031. The Moors remained
in Spain until King Ferdinand of Aragon, and
Queen Isabella of Castille merged their kingdoms
and forced the Muslims and Jews to leave Spain
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Islams First Golden Age

• Alhambra Islamic architecture produced some of
  the most stunning buildings in history.

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Row 5

• 16. Life long learners/education important
• - translated Greek and Sanskrit works on
  philosophy and science
• House of Wisdom Baghdad Al Mamun
• preserved ancient learning diffused to
  Europe
• 17. Medicine Diagnosis/treatment/qualifying
  examinations
• Muhammad al-Razi and Ibn Sina all influenced
  the West
• Math algebra
• Science
• Architecture - minarets
• 18. Letters of credit receipts bills of
  lading

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Comparison of Statistics and Basics
  Islam Judaism Christianity
adherents called Muslims Jews Christians
current adherents 1.3 billion 14 million 2 billion
current size rank 2nd largest 12th largest largest
major concentration Middle East, Southeast Asia Israel, Europe, USA Europe, North and South America, rapid growth in Africa
sacred text Qur'an (Koran) Bible Bible (Jewish Bible New Testament)
other written authority Hadith Talmud, Midrash, Responsa church fathers, church councils, papal decrees (Catholic only)
religious law Sharia Halakhah Canon Law
clergy imams rabbis priests, ministers, pastors, bishops
house of worship mosque synagogue church, chapel, cathedral
main day of worship Friday Saturday Sunday
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Comparison of Origins and History
  Islam Judaism Christianity
date founded 622 CE unknown c. 33 CE
place founded Saudi Arabia Palestine (def) Palestine
founder Muhammad Moses or Abraham Jesus
original language(s) Arabic Hebrew Aramaic, Greek
early expansion within 12 years, entire Arabian peninsula within 100 years, Muslim world stretched from the Atlantic to China little expansion mostly confined to Palestine within 60 years, churches in major cities in Palestine, Turkey, Greece and Rome (map) entire Roman Empire by end of 4th cent.
major splits Shia/Sunni, c. 650 CE Reform/Orthodox, 1800s CE Catholic/Orthodox, 1054 CE Catholic/Protestant, 1500s CE
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Comparison of Religious Beliefs
  Islam Judaism Christianity
type of theism strict monotheism strict monotheism Trinitarian monotheism
ultimate reality one God one God one God
names of God Allah (Arabic for God) Yahweh, Elohim Yahweh, the Holy Trinity
other spiritual beings angels, demons, jinn angels and demons angels and demons
revered humans prophets, imams (especially in Shia) prophets saints, church fathers
identity of Jesus true prophet of God, whose message has been corrupted not prophet Son of God, God incarnate, savior of the world
resurrection of Jesus Not part of beliefs Not part of beliefs affirmed
divine revelation through Muhammad, recorded in Qur'an through Prophets, recorded in Bible through Prophets and Jesus (as God Himself), recorded in Bible
means of salvation correct belief, good deeds, Five Pillars belief in God, good deeds correct belief, faith, good deeds, sacraments (some Protestants emphasize faith alone)
good afterlife eternal paradise heaven views vary heaven eternal heaven
view of fellow Abrahamic religions Jews and Christians are respected as "People of the Book," but they have wrong beliefs and only partial revelation. Islam and Christianity are false interpretations and extensions of Judaism. Judaism is a true religion, but with incomplete revelation.