??af??e?a 1

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F???? S?????? ??T?????S G?a??a??p?????
??a??s???-F?s???? ??????G?S? ???
??T??? -?e?et??ta? t?? apa?t?se?? t?? µa??t?
sta e??t?µat?????a p?? t?? et???sa? pa?at????µe
?t? a. ?e??e? p?? ? d??aµ? e??a? ??a f?s???
µ??e??? p?? e?a??????e? ?a ?p???e? st? s?µa
a??µa ?a? a? ??e? p??e? ?a as?e?ta? a?t? t?
st??µ?. ?p?s?? s??d?e? t?? s?µß???sµ? t?? d??aµ??
µe t?? t????? p?? d?a???fe? t? s?µa . ß. s??d?e?
t?? ?pa??? as???µe??? d??aµ?? µe t?? ????s? . ?.
???s?µ?p??e? t?? ?????a t?? d??aµ?? µe
d?af??et??? s?µas?a ap? t?? ep?st?µ????? . d. de?
a?t??aµß??eta? t?? d??aµ?, sa? ap?t??esµa
a????ep?d?as?? µeta?? d?? s?µ?t?? . e. de?
??????e? t??? ??µ??? t??? ?e?t??a. st. ad??ate?
?a de??e? t?? ?pa??? d???µe?? se ?atast?se??
?s????p?a? .
????µe?? ap? a????ep?d?as? d??s? -
a?t?d?as? ?????S ????S ??? NE?TON?
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F?S? ???S???????S??? -G?a ?a
p???a??s??µe t? e?d?af???? t?? µa??t?? de?????µe
d?af??e?e? µe s?µata ?a a????ep?d???? st??
µ??????sµ?(p??t???? ?a? ??e?t????? st? ?t?µ? t??
?d???????), t?? µes???sµ? (ßa?????? ?a t?aß? µe
s????? µ?a ß???a) ?a? t?? µa?????sµ?(G? ?a?
Se???? ? µete???t?? p?? e?s???eta? st? ßa??t???
ped?? t?? G?? )..
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?????????? S????? a. ?a a?a????????? t??
d???µe?? p?? as???? ?a? d????ta? ta s?µata ?ta?
a????ep?d????. ???ad? ?a a?t???f???? t? d??aµ? ??
a????ep?d?as? d?? s?µ?t?? . G?a pa??de??µa ?ta?
t??? d??eta? ??a s?µa p?? ?s????pe? p??? se ??a
t?ap??? ?a ?e???????? t? d??aµ? p?? as?e? t?
s?µa st? t?ap??? ,ap? t? d??aµ? p?? as?e? t?
t?ap??? se a?t? . ß. ?a e?t?p????? t? s?????
t?? d???µe?? ap? a????ep?d?as? . ???ad? ?a e??a?
se ??s? ?a a?a?????s??? ?t? ??a s?µa e??a?
d??at? ?a a????ep?d?? µe pe??ss?te?a ap? ??a
s?µata . ?? µ??? ??a pa??de??µa p?? p?fte? ap? t?
µ???? a????ep?d?? µe t?? a??a ,a??? ?a? µe t? G?
. ?. ?a s?µß??????? t?? d???µe?? ap?
a????ep?d?as? µe s???e???µ??? t??p?. ???ad? ?a
???s?µ?p????? d?af??et??? ???µa, d?af??et???
p???? ? µ???? ??a ta ß??? (d?a??sµata ) p?? ?a
pe?????f??? d?af??et??? ?e??? d??s?? a?t?d?as??
. d. ?a ?ata???s??? ?t? ta s?µata µp????? ?a
as???? d???µe?? t? ??a st? ????, e?te
e???s??µe?a se epaf?, e?te a????ep?d???ta? ap?
ap?stas? (ped?a??? d???µe?? ) . e. ?a
d?a????s??? t? ???s? t?? ?????a? d??aµ? sta
p?a?s?a t?? ?a??µe????? ep????????a? ap? t? ???s?
sta p?a?s?a t?? ep?st?µ?? .
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?????????? ????????? ?????? - S?ed?????µe s?µa
p?? a????ep?d?? se epaf? ? ap? ap?stas? µe a???
s?µata (p??? ap? ??a) ?a? s?ed?????µe µe ß???
d?af??et???? µ?????, p????? ? ???µat?? ta
d?a??sµata t?? d??se?? p?? d??eta? t? s?µa a?t?
ap? ta ?p????pa , t??????ta? ???e f??? ?t? ??a
???e d??aµ? p?? d??eta? ??a s?µa e??a? ?pe?????
??p??? ???? s?µa. ?a??de??µa
(? F as?e?ta? ap? t? ????
, ? ? ap? t? G? , ? ? ?a? ? ? ap? t? d?ped?).
-?p?µ????µe ?ste ?? µa??t?? ?a ???s?µ?p?????
t?? f??s? d??aµ? p?? d??eta? ??a s?µa ? ap?
s?µa ? ? d??aµ? p?? as?e? ??a s?µa ? se ??a
s?µa ?, ?a??st??ta? saf?? ?t? ??a ?a ?p???e?
d??aµ?, apa?a?t?t? p???p??es? e??a? ? ?pa??? ?a?
??p???? ????? s?µat??, e?t?? ap? t? a?afe??µe??.
????a???µe s???t?s? s?et??? µe t?? ?ate????s?
t?? ????s?? ?a? t?? ?ate????se?? t?? d???µe??,
d??t? a?t?? de? ta?t????ta? p??ta . -?p?s??
?a??st??µe saf??, ?t? ???? s?µas?a ap?d?deta?
st?? ?????a d??aµ? st?? ?a??µe???? ??? ?a? ????
st?? ep?st?µ? . .
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- St? s????e?a pa???s?????µe ?e?????a s?µ?t??
p?? a????ep?d???? ?a? s?ed?????µe ?e??? d???µe??
p?? ????? ?d?a d?e????s?, a?t??et? f??? ?a? ?d??
µ?t??, ?a? s?µe?? efa?µ???? ta a?t?st???a s?µata.
?a ?e??? t?? s?µ?t?? µp??e? ?a e??a? ap? t??
?a??µe???? ??? (µp??a - p?d? p?d?sfa???st? ,
p?d? d?ped? , µ??? ??, ß??? - t?ap???), t??
µ??????sµ? (p??t???? ??e?t?????) ? t? d??st?µa
(G? µete???t?? ? ????? G? , d?ast?µ?p????
????). ????a???µe s???t?s? s?et??? µe t??
s???staµ??? a?t??et?? d???µe?? se pe??pt?se??
?p?? s?µata ß??s???ta? se ?at?stas? ?s????p?a?.
?e?a?a?????µe t?? d?af??et??? s?µas?a t??
a?t?d?as?? ap? t?? a?t??et? d??aµ?, ?a??st??ta?
saf?? ?t? ? d??s? ?a? ? a?t?d?as? as????ta? se
d?af??et??? s?µata, ?p?te de? ?p???e? s???st?µe??
t?? d?? a?t?? d???µe??.
F
F
F
-?e t? pa?ap??? s??µa µp????? ?? µa??t?? ?a
e????s??? ?t? F B (?s????p?a) µe t?? p??t?
??µ? t?? ?e?t??a ?a? ?t? F F µe t?? t??t? ??µ?
t?? ?e?t??a. ?s?? af??? t?? s???st?µe?? t??
pa?ap??? d???µe?? ??a t? p??t? s??µa F?? 0 ,
e?? ??a t? de?te?? s??µa F?? ??? ???????.
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- ?pe?d? se ??a s?st?µa s?µ?t?? ?p?????? p?????
a????ep?d??se?? , ??a ?a ?e?????e? ? µ?a ap? t??
???? s?µß??????µe ???e ?e????? d???µe?? µe d??
a?t??eta d?a??sµata p?? ????? ?d?? ???µa ? ?d??
s??d?? , e?? ??a d?af??et???? a????ep?d??se??
???s?µ?p????µe d?af??et??? s??d?? ? ???µa , ?ste
?a e?t?p??eta? e????a ???e ?e???? d??s??
a?t?d?as?? ?a? ?a fa??eta? ?t? ????? ?s? µ?t?? .
?a??de??µa
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???S?????????S ??T??O? ?. s??des? µe t?
d?ad??t?? www.gutsias.gr (? ???????,
???ST??? 41 , ?????? ??G??S???S ????S) 1.
???? a???se? t? pe??aµa s?ed?????µe ??a s?st?µa
d?? µa??? , d????ta? d?af??et???? t?µ?? st??
µ??e? p?? t? ap?te???? . ??t?µe ap? t??? µa??t??
?a s?ed??s??? t?? d???µe?? p?? d??eta? ???e s?µa
ap? t? ???? . 2. ??t?µe ?a d?s??? t?? ?d?e?
t?µ?? st?? ?/? . St?? ????? t??? eµfa???eta? ?
a??eß???? t?µ? ???e d??aµ?? (???e f??? e??a?
?se?) ?a? µe ?????µ? ß???? ? s?µß???sµ?? a?t?? (
??a a?t??et? ß???? ??a ???e s?µa ). (?
??????? , ???ST??? 51 , ????S? S? ????????F?
?????? ?? ??? ??????S? ???? ??? ?????S) 1.
S?ed?????µe st?? p??a?a s?µa p?? e?t??e?eta? p???
ta p??? , ft??e? st? a??te?? s?µe?? ?a? µet?
ep?st??fe? st? s?µe?? e?????s?? . ??t?µe ap? t???
µa??t?? ?a s?ed??s??? t?? ßa??t??? d??aµ? ?at?
t?? ???d? ?a? ????d? t?? s?µat?? . ?p?s?? µe ??a
ß???? ?a pa?ast?s??? t?? ta??t?ta ?at? t?? ???d?
?a? ????d?. 2. ??a?µat?p????µe t? pe??aµa st??
?/? ?p?? d?a???? fa????ta? ta ße????a p??
pa??st??? t?? ta??t?ta ?a? t? ß????. S????????µe
?t? t? ß???? ?p???e? ?ta? t? s?µa ß??s?eta? st??
a??a ,a??? ?a? st? ?daf?? .?p?s?? a?afe??µaste
st? ?e????? ?t? ? d??aµ? µe t?? ta??t?ta de?
????? p??ta t?? ?d?a ?ate????s?.
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?. e?t??es? pe???µat?? epa???e?s?? t?? t??t??
??µ?? t?? ?e?t??a. ?pa?a?t?ta ????? d??
d??aµ?µet?a ??a??t??? pe????af? -S??d???µe
d?? d??aµ?µet?a . -????µ????µe ?a ta t?aß????µe
µe d?af??et???? d???µe?? t?aß??ta? p??ta t? de??,
µet? t? a??ste?? ?a? st? t???? ?a? µe ta d??
????a . -?ata???f??µe ???e f??? t?? e?de??e??
t??? . -?? pa?at????µe -S?µpe?a????µe ?t?
?s??e? ? t??t?? ??µ?? t?? ?e?t??a -S????????µe
t?? s??????sµ?. -?s?? af??? t? ????? p??
??e???eta? ??a t?? d?da?t???? d?ast????t?te?,
e?t?µ??µe ?t? ?a ??e?ast??? 3 d?da?t???? ??e?
s?µpe???aµßa??µ???? ?a? t?? a???????s?? .
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F?S? ?F????G?S -??a?????µe d?? µa??t??
d?af??et???? µa??? ?a? t??? ?a???µe ?a pa?????
d?e???st??da . -?????? t?aß? ? ??a? t?? ????
a??? pa?aµ????? a????t?? . -??t?µe ??at?
s?µßa??e? a?t? . -???a?? ap??t?s? e??a? ?t? ?
d??s? t?? e??? e??a? ?s? µe t?? a?t?d?as? t??
????? . -St? s????e?a ??t?µe ap? t??? µa??t?? ?a
t?aß????? d??at? t? s????? , ?p?te ?p???e?
????s? t?? e??? p??? t?? ???? . -??t?µe ??at?
s?µßa??e? a?t?. -???a?? ap??t?s? e??a? ?t? ?
d??s? t?? e??? e??a? µe?a??te?? ap? t?? a?t?d?as?
t?? ????? , ?p?te a?a?a???µe st? µ??µ? t??? t??
de?te?? ??µ? t?? ?e?t??a p?? ??e? ?d? d?da??e?
(?t? d??ad? ? µetaß??? t?? ta??t?ta? e??a?
a?t?st??f?? a?????? µe t? µ??a t?? s?µat?? ) .
F?S? ???S????S?S ?pa?t??? se ??p???
d?ad?ast??? f????d?? (t? pa?a??t? f????d??), p??
?a t??? d??e? ?a? s????????? t? ?p?st????a? p???
?a? t? t??a.
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F???? ??G?S??S F?S??? G G????S???
????/????
. ????? .....................
..................................................
.......
?????????? .
??????????? ???????S 3?? ????S ??? ????O??
?. ?????S ??????? ???aµ? ?????ep?d?as?
S?st?µa S?µ?t?? ????µe?? ?paf?? ????µe?? ap?
?p?stas? ?????sµa. ?. ?? T? ???O S?? ????S
??S ???????S 1. ?a s?ed???? t?? d???µe?? ap?
a????ep?d?as? p?? d??eta? ??a s?µa ?a? ?a t??
s?µß????? . 2. ?a e?t?p??? ta ?e?????a
d???µe?? d??s? a?t?d?as? 3. ?a ??????? ?t? ?
d??s? ?a? ? a?t?d?as? eµfa?????ta? ta?t?????a se
d?af??et??? s?µata . 4. ?e? ?p???e? s???st?µe??
t?? d???µe?? d??s? - a?t?d?as? .
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G. ???S?????????S 1. H ??f?as? ltlt? d??aµ? t??
a????p??gtgt e??a? ep?st?µ????? s?st? ? ?????
????e?ste . 2. Sta pa?a??t? s??µata
s?µe??ste t?? d???µe?? p?? d??eta? t? s?µa S
(????S SF????) ???? a????ep?d?as?? µe ???a
s?µata .
12


13
(ta s?µata e??a? a????ta)
14
(? sfa??a ep?p??e?)
???t?s? p??e? ap? t?? pa?ap??? d???µe?? e??a?
epaf?? ?a? p??e? ap? ap?stas?
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3. ?e?et??ta? t?? pa?a???? e????a s?ed?ase
ta ?e??? d???µe?? d??s? a?t?d?as? sta
?e?????a s?µ?t?? (S?S??????) p?? a????????? .
16
???S????????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????
17
??O????? ?????????? (????? ????G????)
18
G? - ????O????S
19
????? - ?????
???t?s? sta pa?ap??? s??µata ? d??s? ?a? ?
a?t?d?as? as????ta? se d?af??et??? s?µata
?p??e?te ?a ?p?????sete t? s???st?µe?? a?t?? t??
d???µe??
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4. Sto pa?a??t? s??µa s?µe??ste t?? d???µe?? p??
as????ta? p??? st? µp??a p??? st? t?ap??? ?a?
p??? st? ???t? . ?a ?e??? d??s?-a?t?d?as? ?a
s?µe?????? µe ?d?? ???µa ?ste ?a e??a? eµfa?? .
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5. ?a p?a?µat?p????e? ? ?d?a d?ad??as?a ??a ta
s?µata ? , m.
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6. St? pa?a??t? s??µa ? sfa??a af?? f??e? ap?
ta ????a t?? a???t? µe p??? s?µa a????ep?d??
?at? ????? ???? S?ed??ste t? d??aµ? p??
d??eta? ?a? p?? as?e? st? ???? s?µa .
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7. St? pa?a??t? s??µa as?e? d??aµ? t? µpa???? st?
?a??ta ? ? ?a??ta st? µpa????
-??p?? s?µßa??e? ??t?
???? -G?at? µetaß???eta? µ??? ? ta??t?ta p??
??e? t? µpa???? -???eta? µe?a??te?? d??aµ?
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8. ???µ???? ?t?p? ??a ßa?? s??? µe µe???? d??aµ?.
???a d??aµ? eµfa???eta? p??ta a. a?t?
p?? as?e? ? p??µ???? st? s??? ß. a?t? p??
as?e? ? s???? st?? p??µ??? ?. t?p?ta ap?
ta pa?ap??? . ?a ep????ete t? s?st?
ap??t?s?. -???a ?a ?a?a?t????ate sa? d??s? ?a?
p??a sa? a?t?d?as? 9. ??p??? pa?d? st??eta?
a????t? st? ??????t?? d?ped?. -S?ed?ase t? ß????
?a? t? d??aµ? ?p?st?????? ap? t? p?t?µa. -??
d???µe?? a?t?? e??a? a. ?se? ß.
a?t??ete? ?a ep????ete t? s?st? ap??t?s?
. -S???st??? ?? pa?ap??? d???µe?? ?e???? d??s??
a?t?d?as?? -?? t? ß???? t?? pa?d??? e??a?
400? ?a ?p?????sete t?? d??aµ? ?p?st?????? ?a?
t?? a?t?d?as? a?t?? .
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10. ???a s??????eta? µet?p??? µe f??t??? p??
???e?ta? µe µe???? ta??t?ta . -?? st??µ? t??
s??????s?? ? µ??a d??eta? a.
µ????te?? ß. µe?a??te?? ?.
?s? ?at? µ?t?? d??aµ? µe a?t? p??
d??eta? t? f??t??? ap? t? µ??a. ?a ep????ete
t? s?st? ap??t?s? ?a? ?a a?t??????sete. -?? ?
µ??a d??eta? d??aµ? 10? p??? e??a? t? µ?t?? t??
d??aµ?? p?? as?e? st? f??t??? 11. Me t? ß???e?a
t?? t??t?? ??µ?? t?? ?e?t??a ?a e????se?? t??
????s? t?? p?????? , t?? e????pt???? ?a? t??
p????? . 12. ??a? a???t?? ??t? ap? t? ??? t??
?a µeta????se? ??a ???? sp??????ta? t?. ? ????
t?? a??e?ta? ?????ta? ?t? ??t? t?t??? ?a ?ta?
a??fe?? , af?? ?a e???ta? se a?t??es? µe t??
t??t? ??µ? t?? ?e?t??a, µ?a? ?a? de? e??a?
d??at?? ?a as??se? st? ???? µe?a??te?? d??aµ? ap?
a?t? p?? ?a t?? as??se? t? ????. ??a de? ?a
µp???se? ?a t? ????se? . -??e? d????
??t?????e?ste
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13.
-To ?p?? e?p??s????te? e?t??e???ta? ß??µa µe
µe???? ta??t?ta .?????ste ??at? ???ts?e? .
27
14.
-? d??aµ? p?? as?e? t? s?µa st? G? e??a? ?
a?t?d?as? t?? ß????? .?????e? ? t?µ? t?? a?????a
µe t? a? t? s?µa a????eta? ? ?at???eta?
28
15.
a. ???e? ap? t?? pa?ap??? d???µe?? ap?te????
?e???? d??s??-a?t?d?as?? ß. ?a s?ed??sete t??
a?t?d?as? t?? ? ?a? t?? a?t?d?as? t?? ? . ?. ??
F 10 N , ? 2? ?a? t? s?µa ???e?ta? µe
sta?e?? ta??t?ta ?a ?p?????st??? ta µ?t?a t??
d???µe?? ? , ? ?a??? ?a? ta µ?t?a t??
a?t?d??se?? a?t?? t?? d???µe??.
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16.
-?a s?ed??sete t?? d???µe?? p?? as?e? ? G?
st?? t??a?d? ?a? st? s?µa. ?p?s?? t?? d???µe??
p?? as?e? t? s????? sta d?? s?µata. St? s????e?a
?a s?ed??sete t?? a?t?d??se?? a?t??.
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17.
-?a s?ed??sete t?? a?t?d??se?? t?? pa?ap???
d???µe?? .
31
18.
-??t?p?ste ta ?e??? d??s? a?t?d?as? ?a? e????ste
p???t??? t? ß?d?sµa t?? a????p??. -?e?pat? p??
e????a ? p?? d?s???a a? f??? ?ast?????a pap??ts?a

32
F???? ??????G?S?S ?O? ??T??O? ??? ???
??T?????S ??T? ???S? ???????? ..???????S? ???
??.??O????..?????.????????
?? 1. ?ta? t? ??s?a ts?????????µe ta
??????a aß?? , p??ta t? ??a ap? ta d?? sp?e? . ?a
ep????ete p??? e??a? a?t? p?? ?a?????e?
t? aß?? p?? ?a sp?se? . a. sp?e? t? aß??
p?? d??eta? µe?a??te?? d??aµ? ß. sp?e? t?
aß?? µe t? p?? ad??aµ? ts?f?? . 2. ?e ß?s? t??
t??t? ??µ? t?? ?e?t??a ?a e?µ??e?se?? t?? ????s?
e??? e????pt????.
3. ?? ? G? as?e? d??aµ? ?s? µe
10.000 ? se ??a a?t?????t? p?s? d??aµ? as?e? t?
a?t?????t? st? G?
4. ??? sfa??e? µe µ??e?
1Kg ?a? 100Kg ??????ta? µe a?t??ete?
ta??t?te? ?a? s????????ta? . a. ?a
s?ed??sete t?? d???µe?? p?? as?e? ? µ?a sfa??a
st?? ???? ß. a? ? µe???? sfa??a as?e? st?
µ???? d??aµ? 20?, ?a ß?e?e? ? d??aµ? p?? as?e? ?
µ???? sfa??a st? µe???? ?. ?a
ß?e?e? ? s???st?µe?? t?? pa?ap??? d???µe?? .
?p???e? d??a??????ste s??t?µa
.

. 5. ??a ??ß?t?? ß????? 10? ?s????pe? p??? se
??a t?ap??? . a. ?a s?ed??sete t?? d???µe??
p?? as????ta? st? ??ß?t?? ?a? ?a ?p?????se?? ta
µ?t?a t??? ß. ?a s?ed??sete t? d??aµ? p??
as?e? t? ??ß?t?? st? t?ap??? ?a? ?a ?p?????se??
t? µ?t?? t?? .




e???µa? ep?t???a !
33
??????G??F?? -Paul G. Hewitt, ?? ?????e? t??
F?s????, ?a?ep?st?µ?a??? ??d?se?? ???t??.
-Driver,Squires,Rushworth,Wood-Robinson,
????d?µ??ta? t?? ?????e? t?? F?s???? ?p?st?µ??.,
??d?se?? ??p???t?. -?????ta?-??????-?a?a???a?,
??da?t???? St?at?????? ??a e??????????? a??a??
st?? F?s???? ep?st?µe?, ??d?se??
Gutenberg. -Sp???p????? ?ats??? ?., ??da?t????
?a? pa?da??????? p??se???se?? st?? F?s????
ep?st?µe?, ??d?se?? ??p???t?. -Serway, Physics
For Scientists Engineers. -????? Seµ??a????
??d???? ??????, (?a?ep?st?µ?? Tessa??a?)
. -?e???d??? F?s???? ??sµ?? Junior ??µata
d?da?t????, te??? 3-4. -S?????? ß?ß??? F?s??? G
G?µ?as???, ????. -S?????? ß?ß??? F?s??? ?
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