Session 1

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Session 1 2 INTRODUCTION

• Course S0484/Foundation Engineering
• Year 2007
• Version 1/0

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GENERAL

• SCOPE OF THE COURSE
• Introduction (Definition, type of foundation,
  review of Soil Mechanics Principles)
• Bearing Capacity of Soil
• Shallow foundations (type, design and settlement
  of foundation)
• Sheet Pile Structure (lateral earth pressure,
  design of sheet pile)
• Deep Foundation (Single pile, Group pile,
  settlement of pile)
• Installation of pile and test of pile capacity
• Application of shallow, deep foundation and sheet
  pile structure

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GENERAL
Grading Policy

• Home Work ........................ 20
• Mid Semester Test . 30
• Final Test .................................. 50
  
• TOTAL ..................... 100
• Note
• Appropriate changes to this grading policy may be
  made with student consent.

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REFERENCE TEXTBOOK
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REFERENCE TEXTBOOK
SUPPORTING TEXTBOOK
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COURSE 1

• Content
• Definition
• Design Criteria
• Soil investigation, laboratory tests and soil
  properties related to structure designs

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DEFINITION
What is Foundation Engineering? The art of
selecting, designing, and constructing structural
support systems based on scientific principles of
soils and engineering mechanics incorporating
accumulated experience with such applications. A
scientifically Acceptable Answer
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DEFINITION
What is Foundation Engineering? Foundation
Engineering is the art and science of molding
materials we do not fully understand into shapes
we can not precisely analyze to resist forces we
can not accurately predict, all in such a way
that the society at large is given no reason to
suspect of our ignorance. Not so scientifically
Acceptable Answer addopted from Coduto
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(No Transcript)
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FOUNDATION TYPES

• Shallow Foundations.
• Shallow foundations are usually placed within a
  depth D beneath the ground surface less than the
  minimum width B of the foundation. Shallow
  foundations consist of spread and continuous
  footings, wall footings and mats.

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FOUNDATION TYPES

• Deep Foundations.
• Deep foundations can be as short as 15 to 20 ft
  or as long as 200 ft or more and may consist of
  driven piles, drilled shafts or stone columns. A
  single drilled shaft often has greater load
  bearing capacity than a single pile. Deep
  foundations may be designed to carry
  superstructure loads through poor soil (loose
  sands, soft clays, and collapsible materials)
  into competent bearing materials. Even when piles
  or drilled shafts are carried into competent
  materials, significant settlement can still occur
  if compressible soils are located below the tip
  of these deep foundations. Deep foundation
  support is usually more economical for depths
  less than 100 ft than mat foundations.

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DESIGN CRITERIA

• THE DESIGN SHOULD BE
• SAFE
• RELIABLE
• DURABLE
• BUILDABLE
• ECONOMIC

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DESIGN DATA

• SOIL DATA
• GROUND WATER DATA
• GEOMETRY DATA
• DATA OF LOAD

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SOIL DATA

• DETERMINED FROM
• FIELD INVESTIGATION
• CPT
• SPT
• VANE SHEAR TEST
• PRESSUREMETER TEST
• LABORATORY TEST
• INDEX TEST
• TRIAKSIAL
• DIRECT SHEAR
• UNCONFINED
• CONSOLIDATION

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STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT)

• ADVANTAGES
• Could be used to identify soil types visually
• Could be used to get qualitative soil properties
  by empirical correlation
• LIMITATION
• The soil strength profile can not be measured
  continuously
• The high accuracy is needed during investigation
  in case of weight and fall height of hammer

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HAMMER OF SPT
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DIMENSION OF SPT TUBE
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SPT EXECUTION
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SPT PROFILE (EXAMPLE)
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CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT)

• TYPES OF TOOL AND PRINCIPLE OF WORK
• Mechanical friction-cone penetrometer
• by pushing a cone with projection area 10 cm2
  and 60o angle and standard velocity 20 mm
  per-second.
• 2 measurement parameters each 20 cm of depth
• Cone Resistance (qc)
• Local Friction (fs)
• Electric friction-cone penetrometer
• measure the cone pressure and continuously
  friction with better accuracy level

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CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT)

• ADVANTAGES
• Continuous Soil strength profile
• Give fast description of soil
• Simple
• LIMITATION
• The accuracy is bad for soil with some stones
• Mechanical friction-cone penetrometer is less
  sensitive when applied in very soft clay

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UKURAN KONUS SONDIR (ASTM D 3441)
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ELECTRIC CONE DIMENSION
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CPT RESULT (EXAMPLE)
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LABORATORY TESTS

• Soil Index (?, ?, e, GS dll.)
• Measuring of volume and mass of sample
• Sieve analysis test
• Atterberg Test
• Shear Strength of Soil (c, ?)
• Triaksial Test (UU, CU, CD)
• Direct Shear
• Unconfined Compression Test
• Compressibility (Cc, Cv)
• Consolidation Test
• Permeability (k)
• Constant Head
• Falling Head

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EMPIRICAL CORRELATION

• SPT Data

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EMPIRICAL CORRELATION

• CPT Data

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EMPIRICAL CORRELATION

• Between Soil Properties
• Cc 0,009 (LL 10)
• C qu/2
• C 19 23 CBR (C in kN/m2)