Ingen diastitel

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Neural circuits of emotions 2 Extended amygdala,
insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, and others
Anders Gade, Copenhagen University
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Limbic areas
.. The limbic system is a concept in perpetual
searchfor a definition Heimer et al.,
2008, p.22
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Extended amygdala
Anteriorcingulategyrus
Orbital and ventromedialprefrontal cortex -
- mPFC-amygdala connectivity
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The extended amygdala - A role in anxiety,
addiction, and stress disorders
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Coronal section at the level of the anterior
commissure
BSTL
Substantia innominata
amyg
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Coronal sections at four levels, from accumbens
(A) to caudal amygdala (D)
Yellow The extended amygdala
Red Cholinergic cell groups
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The basal forebrain contains an extension of the
basal ganglia, overlapping the cholinergic cell
groups and the extended amygdala
Alain Dagher
The extended amygdala(Cental nucleus, stria
terminalis,bed nucleus, and other cell groups)
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Extended amygdala
Extended amygdala Autoradiography of amino acid
transport after injection in the central nucleus
(Ce) of the amygdala
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Coronal sections at four levels, from accumbens
(A) to caudal amygdala (D)
Yellow The extendedamygdala
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Gade, A. (2012)Angstens neuropsykologi, I Leth
Hoff Esbjørn (red.), Angst hos børn. Dansk
Psykologisk Forlag (pp.45-108)
Academic Press, 2008
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Extended amygdala role in anxiety - best
reference
Shown with fMRI in anticipatory anxiety in 3
studies Straube et al., (2007). NeuroImage, 37,
1427-36 Somerville et al. (2010).
Biol.Psychiatry, 68, 416-424Alvarez et al.,
(2011). NeuroImage, 55, 389-400 2625d,e,f
New suggestion Role of extended amygdala in the
acute fear-enhancing effects of SSRIs Ravinder
et al., 2013
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Biol.Psychiatry, 68, 416-424
low highanxiety ss.
Biol.Psychiatry, 68, 416-424
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Biol.Psychiatry, 68, 416-424
insula
Conjunction analysis linearly increasing
responseto greater threat greater in more
anxious subjects
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Insula
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Somatosensation
Proprioceptive, tactile/haptic, pain
(localizable) information (in four homunculi)
Keysers et al., (2010) Nat.Rev.Neurosci., 11,
417-428 a590..
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Insula - interoception
Craig (2002). How do you feel?Interoception the
sense of thephysiological condition of the
body. Nat.Rev.Neurosci., 3, 655-666
Craig (2009). How do you feel now? The
anterior insula and human awareness.
Nat.Rev.Neurosci., 10, 59-70
2730ab
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Insula
Representationof autonomic and other bodily
statesand sensations(here heartbeatnormal
subjects)
Critchley et al. (2004). Nature Neuroscience, 7,
189-195 2733a
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Critchley et al. (2004). Nature Neuroscience, 7,
189-195 2733a
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Insula emotional aspectsof pain
including perception of others pain (Singer et
al., 2004) Conjunctionanalysisself / other
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exemplified by pain
Annu.Rev.Neurosci., 35, 1-23 (2012) a413-1e
Modulated by both personality characteristics and
situational context
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Annu.Rev.Neurosci., 35, 1-23 (2012) a413-1e
Alexithymia in both normal subjects and autism
Ingroupvs.outgroup
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Annu.Rev.Neurosci., 35, 1-23 (2012) a413-1e
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Explicit pain or not ? Implicit Right or left
?
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2736a
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A) Meta-analysis of fMRI studies of pain
empathyB) 2 x 3 patients with lesions in insula
or ACC
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32 normal subjects - wide dispersion on STAI
Baur et al. (2013), Biol. Psychiatry, 73,
85-92 1549d
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Theoretical model for amygdala-insula interaction
in anxietyBlue bottom-up salience pathway
Read feedback/interoceptive pathway
aCurrentbody statebadjustment ..autonomic
feedbackcAutonomicreaction
I Sensory informationIIStimulus
meaningIIIIncreased attention
kropstilstand
Sensoriskinformation
Baur et al. (2013), Biol. Psychiatry, 73,
85-92 1549d
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Anterior cingulate cortex
dorsal
caudal
rostral
ventral /
subgenual
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Anterior cingulate cortex
Neurology apathy (Ch. 14 Disorders of
motivation and goal-directed behavior)
Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging effort
control (Raichle et al., 1994) b125aa
Depression subgenual/ventral ACC - small but
hyperactive (Drevets, 1998)
Bush, 2000 a cognitive and an emotional
divisionDepression anxiety hypoactive dACC
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• dACC - one, two, or many functions ?
• Detection signaling need for adjustments in
  control
• Subjective experience of negative affect (pain,
  fear)
• Energizing behavior

How does it feel when ACC is activated during a
cognitive task Rainville, 2002
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Spunt et al., (2012). The phenomenology of
errorprocessing The dorsal ACC response to
stop-signal errors tracks reports of negative
affect. J.Cogn.Neurosci., 24, 1753-65 4685e
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VBM brain volume in anxiety and depression
MDD (N68)MDD anxiety (N88) Anxiety
without MDD (N68) NC (N65)
Reduced volume in entirepatientgroup
vs.normal Ss
Van Tol et al. (2010), Arch.Gen.Psychiatry, 67,
1002-11 1032i
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VBM brain volume in anxiety and depression
Depression with onset before age 18
Van Tol et al. (2010), Arch.Gen.Psychiatry, 67,
1002-11 1032i
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Nature of cingulate control .
Ridderinkhof et al. (2004). The role of the
medial frontal cortex in cognitive control.
Science, 306, 443-447 4680a
Carter, Cohen et al. conflict-control model fx
Kerns et al., (2004) Science, 303, 1023-1026)
red
blue
green
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Nature of cingulate control .
C Congruent I Incongruent
ACC conflict activation
Carter, Cohen et al. conflict-control model fx
Kerns et al., (2004) Science, 303, 1023-1026)
red
blue
green
dlPFC activation in high adjustment trials
iI Incongruent following incongruent cI
Incongruent following congruent
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Nature of cingulate control .
C Congruent I Incongruent
Carter, Cohen et al. conflict-control model fx
Kerns et al., (2004) Science, 303, 1023-1026)
4684c
Good discussion Mangun et al. (2009). Ch. 16in
Gazzaniga (Ed.) The cognitive neurosciences,4th
ed.
iI Incongruent following incongruent cI
Incongruent following congruent
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Emotional face-word Stroop
Etkin et al., 2010
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Emotional face-word Stroop
Rostral ACCAlso other forms of emotion
regulation
Etkin et al., 2010
Am.J.Psychiatry, 167, 545-554
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Fear conditioning and extinction
Milad, M. Quirk, G. J. (2012). Fear extinction
as a model for translational neuroscience Ten
yearsof progress. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 63,
129-151
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Interactions between amygdala and ACC
/prefrontal cortex
Tost Meyer-Lindenberg, 2010 AG T381a
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Pezawas et al., 2005
5HTTLPR Statistical map less grey
matter volume in S-allele carriers
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NeuroImage2010 49 963-970
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Cremers et al., (2010), NeuroImage, 49
963-970 AG T027a
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Medial temporal / medial prefrontal connections
Uncinate fasciculus
Diffusion tensorneuroimaging(tractography)
Normal child Adopted fromromanian orphanage
Eluvathingal et al. (2006). Pediatrics, 117
2093-2100
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Uncinate fasciculus in anxiety
30 patientswith social anxiety 30 NC
Same findings in GAD Tromp et al.
(2012)Arch.Gen.Psychiatry,69, 925-934 1547e
Decreased fractionelanisotropyin uncinate
f.near the orbitofrontal cortex
Phan et al. (2009) Biol.Psychiatry, 66, 691-694
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Tromp et al. (2012) Arch.Gen.Psychiatry,69,
925-934 1547e
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Correlation with rACC-amygdala connectivity in
implicit emotion regulation task (aversion
anticipation)
Tromp et al. (2012) Arch.Gen.Psychiatry,69,
925-934 1547e
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Extended amygdala
Anteriorcingulategyrus
Orbital and ventromedialprefrontal cortex -
- mPFC-amygdala connectivity
Gade
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Gade