Cardinal points

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3 ???????????????(??????)
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????????
3
Cardinal points
H1, H2 --gtprimary/secondary principle point
V1,V2 --gtFront/Rear Vortex
F1,F2 --gtFront/Rear Focus
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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H2
H1
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?????????????????????????
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???????????????
r1Tr0
Ray matrix
transfer matrix
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?????????????
n0
n1
r1Rr0
Ray matrix
refraction matrix
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??????????????
a1
a0
y1
f
n0
R
r1Mr0
Ray matrix
reflection matrix
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???????????????????????
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??????????????
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r7 T76M6T65S54S43T32S21T10 r0
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????????(Aberration)

• Spherical aberration (on axis)
• Coma
• Astigmatism (off axis)
• Curvature of field
• Distortion
• Chromatic aberration

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Spherical aberration
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Circle of least confusion
caustic
Longitudinal S.A.
Traverse S.A.
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Negative SA
Positive SA
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????? S.A
1. ?????????????????????????????????? 2.
??????????? ??? infinite conjugate lens 3.
??? Stop 4. ??? Aspherical lens ???
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Shape factor
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(No Transcript)
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Comatic aberration
No SA
Positive CA
Negative CA
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Stop
field stop
Aperture stop
??????????????
??????????????????????
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pupil
Exit pupil ??????AS ?????? OBJ
Entrance pupil ??????AS ?????? IMG
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Comatic aberration (CA)
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Tangential section
sagittal section
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????? C.A
1. ?????????????????????????????????? 2.
??????????? 2. ??? Stop
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(No Transcript)
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tangential plane
Sagittal plane
No CA , No Asigmatism
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Astigmatism
Fs
FT
Slc
S
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Fs
FT
Zlc
S
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S
T
T
S
F
F
Chief ray
Chief ray
Negative astigmatism
Positive astigmatism
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????? Astigmatism
1. ??????????????? 2. ??????????? 3.
??? Stop
p--gtPetzval surface
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Curvature of field
p
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Flattening the field (???????????)
n1f1n2f20
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Distortion
orthoscopic
barrel
Pin cushion
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?????? Distortion ???? stop
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Chromatic aberration (ChA)
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Achromatic doublet
f1V1f2V20
1
2
Abbe number
(1/dispersive power)
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Minimum ChA
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Dispersive power

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Fraunhofer lines
Dark absorption features in the solar spectrum.
J. von Fraunhofer first studied them in 1814.
They occur from the ultraviolet at about 180
nanometers to the infrared at 20 micrometers.
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Designa tion Ele ment Wave length (nm) Desig nation Ele ment Wave length (nm)
y O2 898.765 c Fe 495.761
Z O2 822.696 F Hß 486.134
A O2 759.370 d Fe 466.814
B O2 686.719 e Fe 438.355
C Ha 656.281 G' H? 434.047
a O2 627.661 G Fe 430.790
D1 Na 589.592 G Ca 430.774
D2 Na 588.995 h Hd 410.175
D3 or d He 587.5618 H Ca 396.847
e Hg 546.073 K Ca 393.368
E2 Fe 527.039 L Fe 382.044
b1 Mg 518.362 N Fe 358.121
b2 Mg 517.270 P Ti 336.112
b3 Fe 516.891 T Fe 302.108
b4 Fe 516.891 t Ni 299.444
b4 Mg 516.733
Using Fraunhofer lines
f1dV1df2dV2d0
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(No Transcript)
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Separated achromatic doublet
2
1
d
ny(nBnR)/2
Using Fraunhofer lines
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Minimum ChA
n1R n2R ,
n1B n2B
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Aplanatic system
n2
n1
oil
so
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A
R
C
O
I
q1
q2
R
R
q1
q2