HU 121 History of Engineering and Technology

1
HU 121 History of Engineering and Technology
Pharos University in Alexandria Faculty of
Engineering
Lect8
Steam Engines and Beyond

• Prof. Dr. Abdelsamie Moet
• Fall 2012/13

2
Steam Engine Definition

• A steam engine is a heat engine that converts
  steam energy into mechanical motion.
• Steam engines are external combustion engines.
• Non-combustion heat sources are used, including
• solar power,
• nuclear power or
• geothermal energy.

3
Evolution of Steam Engines
2010 Steam Turbine
1629 Giovanni Branca
600 Years
1551 Taqi al-Din
100 BC the Aeolpile
4
100 BC the Aeolpile

• Hero of Alexandria, developed the "aeolipile.
• It consisted of a boiler, two bent tubes mounted
  to a sphere.
• Steam coming from the boiler entered through the
  two tubes.
• The steam then exited through the bent tubes on
  the sphere, causing it to rotate.

5
Steam Engines by Taqi al-din and Branca

• In 1551, Taqi al-Din was the first to describe
  steam turbine device in his book Al-Turuq
  al-saniyyafi al-alat al-ruhaniyya (The Sublime
  Methods of Spiritual Machines).
• Later in 1629 Giovanni Branca described a related
  device.

6

• Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf al-Shami
• ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????,
• (15261585) was an Ottoman Muslim polymath He
  received his education in Cairo, Egypt where he
  studied astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and
  Islamic law.
• Lived in Damascus, Cairo and Istanbul.
• He was the author of more than 90 books on a wide
  variety of subjects, including astronomy, clocks,
  engineering, mathematics, mechanics, optics and
  philosophy

7
Taqi al-din Steam Engine as described in his
book Al-Turuq al-saniyyafi al-alat al-ruhaniyya

• One of these methods is to have at the end of the
  spit a wheel with vanes,
• Opposite the wheel place a hollow pitcher made of
  copper with a closed head and full of water.
• The nozzle of the pitcher is placed opposite the
  vanes of the wheel.
• Kindle fire under the pitcher and steam will exit
  from its nozzle in a restricted form and it will
  turn the vane wheel.
• When the pitcher becomes empty of water bring
  close to it cold water in a basin and let the
  nozzle of the pitcher dip into the cold water.
• The heat will cause all the water in the basin to
  be attracted into the pitcher and the the steam
  will start rotating the vane wheel again.

8
1629 Brancas

• In 1629 an Italian engineer, Giovanni Branca,
  described a stamping mill.
• A jet nozzle directed steam onto a horizontally
  mounted turbine wheel, which then turned an
  arrangement of gears that operated the stamping
  mill.

9
1687 Newtons Wagon

• Newton attempted to put his newly formulated laws
  of motion to the test.
• He tried to propel a wagon by directing steam
  through a nozzle pointed rearward
• Steam was produced by a boiler mounted on the
  wagon.
• Due to lack of power from the steam, this vehicle
  didn't operate.

But he conceived moving engine
10
The London Steam Carriage

• was an early steam-powered road vehicle
  constructed by Richard Trevithick in 1803
• The world's first self-propelled
  passenger-carrying vehicle.
• Trevithick later developed a steam locomotive on
  rails.

11
Concept of Uniflow Steam Engine

• Schematic animation of a uniflow steam engine.
• The valves are controlled by the rotating
  camshaft at the top.
• High pressure steam enters, and exhausts.

12
Internal combustion engine

• converts the energy of a fuel-air mixture burning
  within a combustion chamber into mechanical
  energy.Reciprocating internal combustion engine
  is an engine, in which burning process occurs
  within a cylinder equipped with a piston driven
  by the pressure of the combustion gases.
• The gas pressure force is transmitted to the
  crankshaft linked to the piston by means of a
  connecting rod.
• The crank mechanism transforms the alternating
  linear motion of the piston into the rotation of
  the shaft.

13
The four-stroke cycle

1. Intake sucking the fuel-air mixture into the
   cylinder.
2. Compression compressing the gaseous fuel-air
   mixture. The compression causes pressure and
   temperature increase of the gas in the cylinder.
3. Ignition fuel-air mixture is ignited and fuel
   combustion starts. Combustion increases the gas
   pressure and temperature. In the gasoline
   (petrol) engines ignition is as a result of a
   spark produced by the spark plug.
4. Exhaust forcing the combustion gases out of the
   cylinder.

14
(No Transcript)
15
Steam Turbine

• A steam turbine consists of one or more rotors
  (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft,
  alternating with stators (static discs) fixed to
  the turbine casing.
• The rotors have a blades at the outer edge.
• Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary
  motion.
• The stator blades redirect the steam flow onto
  the next rotor stage.

16
Jet Engine

• A fan in the front sucks air in.
• A compressor raises the pressure of the air.
• The compressed air is then sprayed with fuel
  and an electric spark lights the mixture.
• The burning gases expand and blast out through
  the nozzle, at the back of the engine.
• As the jets of gas shoot backward, the engine
  and the aircraft thrust forward.

17
Animation
18
Review Question

1. Present a brief timeline of the steam engine.
2. Specify the design concept used by Taqi al-din in
   his steam engine.
3. Describe Newtons steam wagon, identify its
   limitation and its contribution to the
   development of engines.
4. Compare steam engine and internal combustion
   engine.
5. Outline the concept of uniflow steam engine.
6. Describe the basic components of a historical
   steam engine, modern steam engine and a jet
   engine.

19
Thanks
20
Good Luck