Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution
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Agricultural Revolution

• Before the 1600s European villagers worked their
  own plots of land
• They also used common public lands for grazing
  animals
• Enclosure Movement- common lands in England began
  to be fenced off into individual plots.
• Smaller landholdings were being combined into
  more efficient, larger holdings.
• Early 1800s in Great Britain- a growing
  population increased demand and raised prices for
  agricultural products.
• Wealthy landholders benefited from this movement,
  while many small landowners lost their lands and
  their traditional methods of making a living.

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Effects of the Enclosure Movement

• Former small-plot owners were forced to become
  tenant farmers or move to the cities.
• Farmers no longer had to get permission from
  other villagers to try new farming methods.
• Early 1700s- landowner Jethro Tull invented a
  seed drill.
• He wanted to reduce the amount of seeds wasted by
  hand scattering.
• Tulls seed drill made it possible to plant seeds
  in straight rows.

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Seed Drill
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Agricultural Revolution

• He also made a horse-drawn hoe to dig up weeds
  between the rows and break up soil before
  planting.

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Agricultural Revolution

• English landowner Charles "Turnip" Townshend-
  crop rotation
• Planting different crops in the fields each year
  had the same result as allowing fields to lie
  fallow
• Helped farmers to produce more crops using the
  same amount of land.
• Some of these improvements were very expensive.
• Only wealthy farmers could afford them.
• By the 1800s many farm workers were being
  replaced by machines
• They moved to the cities and formed a huge labor
  force

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Discussion Question

• If you were a small landowner who lost your land,
  where would you go? What could you do?

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Industrial Revolution

• Industrial Revolution- an era of rapid industrial
  development
• Began in Great Britain which had favorable
  factors of production- a combination of needed
  elements to promote changeland, capital, and
  labor.
• Land- all natural resources.
• Great Britain had a rich supply of such
  resources, especially coal and iron ore.
• Rivers provided waterpower and inland shipping
  routes,
• Harbors encouraged international trade.
• Capital- includes the tools, machinery,
  equipment, and inventory used in production.
• Capital also included money, which the rich used
  to invest in new businesses.
• Labor- fueled by growth in population and
  migration into cities.

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Discussion Questions

• How did the Agricultural Revolution help lead to
  the Industrial Revolution?
• Why do we call these eras revolutions?
• Why did the Industrial Revolution start in
  England?

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Important Inventions

• With more people living in cities, fewer people
  were producing goods for private use.
• England could not meet the demand for the goods
  that now needed to be purchased.
• They needed to find ways to produce more goods
  faster
• Mechanization- automatic machinery used to
  increase production
• Weaving- Use of a loom to weave threads into
  cloth
• A loom is a frame with threads stretched
  lengthwise from top to bottom. A shuttle pushes
  horizontal threads through the loom to weave
  cloth.

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Discussion Question

• Why does the concept of human workers being
  replaced by machines sound familiar?

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Weaving
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Important Inventions

• 1733- British engineer John Kay invented the
  flying shuttle which increased speed of the
  looms shuttle
• Weavers made cloth so fast they outran the supply
  of thread from spinning wheels.
• 1760s- British weaver James Hargreaves invented
  the spinning "jenny."
• This machine could produce 8 times more thread
  than a single spinning wheel.
• Richard Arkwright later invented a way to drive
  the spinning jenny by waterpower.
• This brought workers and waterpower together and
  a spinning mill was opened during the 1780s.

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Important Inventions

• Spinning Wheel

• Spinning Jenny

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Important Inventions

• This spinning mill influenced the modern factory
  system.
• Factory system- Production of goods in a factory
  through the use of machines and a large number of
  workers.
• Workers put in a certain number of hours each day
  for a fixed pay.
• 1785- English minister Edmund Cartwright invented
  a water-powered loom.
• One person could weave as much cloth as 200
  hand-loom operators.
• This rapid change in spinning and weaving showed
  how inventions built on one another.
• The flying shuttle created a need for more
  thread, which faster spinning produced.
• This was followed by improved weaving machines.
• Each invention created a new need, and human
  creativity provided solutions

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Discussion Questions

• Do we still use mechanization?
• How?

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Effects of Mechanization

• As supply increased, the price of cotton cloth
  went down.
• As a result, demand increased and so did the need
  for more raw cotton.
• England began importing more cotton from the US.

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Effects of Mechanization

• 1793- American Eli Whitney invented the cotton
  gin, a machine that cleaned seeds out of cotton
  faster than a hand laborer could.
• The southern United States became the
  cotton-producing center of the world.
• Production increased, so did the profits made by
  using slave labor to plant and pick cotton.
• The cotton gin had the unintended side effect of
  helping to expand slavery in the United States so
  cotton producers could make more money

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Discussion Question

• What is an example of supply and demand in
  todays society?

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Steam Engines, Iron and Steel

• Early machines in the Industrial Revolution were
  driven by waterpower which had its drawbacks.
• A factory had to be located near moving water.
• Often this site was not near raw materials, a
  labor supply, land transportation, or markets.
• Water flow also varied from season to season.
• A more portable and dependable power supply was
  needed.
• Steam provided the answer.

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Steam Engines, Iron and Steel

• 1712- English engineer Thomas Newcomen invented a
  simple steam engine.
• 1769- Scotsman James Watt improved on Newcomen's
  machine and patented the modern steam engine.
• Steam replaced water as industry's major power
  source.

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Steam Engines, Iron and Steel

• More machines meant more iron was needed to make
  them.
• Previously, wood or charcoal was used to heat
  forges which separated iron from its ore.
• Iron and coal became the two major raw materials
  of modern industry.
• Great Britain had plenty of both.
• Early steam engines often exploded because iron
  could not withstand high steam pressure.

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Steam Engines, Iron and Steel

• Steel, an iron alloy, was stronger but more
  expensive.
• 1850s- American William Kelly and Englishman
  Henry Bessemer, working independently, developed
  the Bessemer process- a cheaper and more
  efficient method of making steel.

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Bessemer Process
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Steam Engines, Iron and Steel

• Cloth and steel were not the only industries to
  benefit from mechanization.
• Production of shoes, clothing, ammunition, and
  furniture were mechanized.
• Machines were used for printing, papermaking,
  lumber and food processing.
• Again inventions were built on knowledge gained
  from other inventions.
• Gases released from coal were burned to give
  light.

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Steam Engines, Iron and Steel

• 1810s- London was one of the first cities to burn
  gas in street lamps which became common by the
  1850s
• American Charles Goodyear discovered
  vulcanization-how to make rubber less sticky and
  more useful.
• 1850s- The oil industry began.
• People began using crude oil to make candles,
  lubricating oil for machinery, and kerosene for
  lighting and heating.

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Discussion Question

• How are rubber, oil and steel used today?

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Transportation

• At the start of the Industrial Revolution
  stagecoaches, packhorses, and horse-drawn wagons
  were common.
• As industrial production increased, factories
  needed to get raw materials quickly and send
  finished goods to markets quickly.
• Stone-topped roadways were built.
• Canals were dug to link rivers.
• Watt's steam engine was used to speed
  transportation

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Steamboat

• 1808- American engineer Robert Fulton was the
  first to build a profitable steamboat with
  regular trips between New York and Albany.

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Steam Locomotive

• 1814- English engineer George Stephenson
  perfected a steam locomotive that ran on rails.
• 1829- The first rail line ran from Liverpool to
  Manchester.
• Trains and ships built of iron and steel now
  moved goods all over the world quickly and
  cheaply.

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Discussion Question

• Why were transportation improvements so important?

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Communication

• Manufacturing and transportation inventions were
  mainly the work of amateur engineers.
• In communications technology scientific research
  played a more important role.
• 1800- Italian scientist Alessandro Volta used
  knowledge of electricity and magnetism to build
  the first battery, providing a steady flow of
  electric current for the first time.

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Telegraph

• 1820s- André Ampére of France figured out the
  principles of the magnetic effect of electricity
  and American Samuel Morse put this work to
  practical use.
• Morse sent an electric current through a wire,
  causing a machine at the other end to click.

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Telegraph

• By 1838 Morse had worked out a system of dots and
  dashes- the Morse code- clicks could be
  translated into letters of the alphabet.
• By 1844 Morse's invention, the telegraph, had
  become a practical communications device.
• Telegraph wires soon stretched across continents
  and oceans, spreading ideas at the speed of
  electricity.

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Discussion Question

• What are some ways you think the lives of
  ordinary people were changed because of the
  telegraph?

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Electricity

• English scientist Michael Faraday made key
  discoveries about electricity in the 1820s and
  1830s.
• Before Faraday, many scientists believed that
  electricity was a sort of fluid that flowed
  through wires like water through a pipe.
• Faraday argued that electricity was a form of
  force or vibration that passed from one particle
  of matter to another.

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Electricity

• From the work of Ampère and other scientists,
  Faraday already knew that electricity could
  produce magnetism.
• Faraday wanted to find out whether magnetism
  could produce electricity.
• He discovered that by moving a magnet through a
  coil of wire, he could generate an electric
  current.
• 1821- Faraday developed the first dynamo, or
  electric generator.
• This was the direct ancestor of all electric
  motors.
• Electrical energy could generate power to run
  machines in factories.

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Electricity

• Electric light bulbs were first produced in the
  1840s, but they burned out in a matter of
  minutes.
• 1879- American inventor Thomas Edison created a
  bulb that glowed for two days before burning out.
  
• As it improved, electric lighting replaced other
  sources of illumination.
• Edison developed a system for successfully
  transmitting electricity from a central
  powerhouse to off base recipients.
• 1882- This transmission system was put into use
  in New York City and London.

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Thomas Edison
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Electricity

• Waterfalls were used to power huge dynamos.
• Hydroelectric power was sent long distances
  through wires.
• Electric motors replaced steam engines in
  factories.
• Steam engines were likely used only in those
  places where hydroelectric power was unavailable
  or too expensive.
• The development of electrical power inspired
  other inventions.

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Telephone

• 1876- American inventor Alexander Graham Bell
  patented the telephone.
• Bell transmitted human voice over a long distance
  using an electrical circuit through a wire.

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Radio

• 1895- Italian Guglielmo Marconi developed a way
  to send messages through space without wires-
  radio waves
• Marconi's invention was based on the work of
  James Clerk Maxwell of Great Britain and Heinrich
  Rudolph Hertz of Germany.
• Maxwell claimed the existence of invisible
  electromagnetic waves that travel through space
  at the speed of light.
• Hertz measured the length and speed of the
  electromagnetic waves.
• Marconi invented instruments for sending and
  receiving these radio waves.
• His wireless telegraph became important for
  ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication.

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Discussion Questions

• Why do you think the inventions and ideas of the
  Industrial Revolution spread more quickly than
  those of the Scientific Revolution?
• Why were people more accepting of new ideas?

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Automobiles

• 1800s several European inventors developed
  engines that carried their own supply of oil or
  gasoline to power a vehicle called internal
  combustion engines.
• Pioneers in this field included Gottlieb Daimler
  and Karl Benz of Germany.
• 1908- American inventor Henry Ford produced his
  first commercially successful automobile, the
  Model T.
• Ford used an assembly line process-a system of
  producing large numbers of identical items

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Automobiles
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Airplanes

• Beginning in the 1800s, inventors tried to create
  a heavier-than-air machine that would actually
  fly.
• 1903- Wilbur and Orville Wright became the first
  people to achieve a sustained, controlled flight
  in a powered airplane in Kitty Hawk, North
  Carolina.
• The Wright brothers combined science with
  technology.
• They had studied aerodynamics- the scientific
  principles governing the movement of air around
  objects.
• They then used the technology of the internal
  combustion engine to propel their plane through
  the air.

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Airplanes
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Discussion Questions

• How did inventions from the early Industrial
  Revolution lead to the invention of the
  automobile and airplane?
• Why were these inventors able to achieve what
  previous inventors like Leonardo Da Vinci
  couldnt?

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Results of the Industrial Revolution

• The application of scientific solutions to
  industrial problems had three main results.
• First, it encouraged the development and use of
  new sources of power.
• Second, it gave rise to inventions that could
  provide rapid communication over long distances.
• Third, it led to the creation of new products and
  materials and the improvement of old ones.