The Road to Revolution

1
The Road to Revolution

• Chapter 9
• 1826-1835

2
Dictionary.com

• Tranquility a state of peace and quiet
• Commotion - civil disturbance disorder
• Anarchy - political disorder and confusion
• Hostilities - acts of war overt warfare
• Lamented - to regret deeply

3
What do you know?

• What comes to mind when you hear the word
  revolution? Do you think of military battles?
  Or do you see revolution as a form of change or
  movement? You are probably familiar with several
  different kinds of revolutions.

4
OBJECTIVES
1

• Explain why tensions arose between the Mexican
  government and the Texas settlers.

• Identify the events that led to the passage of
  the Law of April 6, 1830.

• Describe the effect that the Law of April 6,
  1830, had on Texas colonists.

5
Tensions Mount Between Mexico and Texas
Section One

• Not long after colonization began in Texas,
  conflicts erupted between the Mexican government
  and the colonists. Even though Mexican officials
  attempted to control the conflicts, their efforts
  served to anger and unify the colonists.

6
Differences Arise

• Settlers from the United States had to agree to
  adopt the laws and government of New Spain.
• convert to Catholic faith
• pledge loyalty to the Spanish king and queen
• Some colonists were willing to change their way
  of life and live as the Mexican government wanted
  them to.
• But, many colonists did not really want to become
  loyal citizens of Mexico.

7
American Colonists
kept their own customs
established their own schools
started their own newspaper
This independence worried the Mexican government.
8
A Question of States Rights

• As in the United States of America, Mexico was
  divided into various states. Mexicos
  Constitution of 1824 gave each of those states
  certain rights.
• A states rights government is where the states
  have most of the political power.

Before the Constitution of 1824 most of the power
was in the hands of the federal government.
9
Constitution of 1824

• Established a states rights government
• Texans LOVED this Constitution.
• The Mexican government was afraid that this would
  give the Texans too much power.

10
A Question of States Right

• Some leaders of the Mexican government did not
  approve of the states having so much power under
  the Constitution of 1824.
• They felt that the power should belong to the
  national government.
• These Mexican nationalists were concerned that
  too many settlers from the United States were
  moving to Texas.

11
States Rights Issue
Centralists/Nationalists Anti-Centralists
Supported removing some powers from the states and giving more powers to the national government. The federal government should hold most of the power. Wanted important political powers to remain with the states. The states should hold most of the power.
President Bustamante Constitution of 1824
12
A Question of States Rights

• Texas was in the state of Coahuila y Tejas.
• Since the state of Coahuila y Tejas was on the
  border with the United States many American
  colonists settled there.
• The Mexican government worried about too many
  American colonists coming to Texas because they
  might have wanted to make Texas a part of America.

13
HADEN EDWARDS

• empresario
• was given a land grant around Nacogdoches.
• went to his land and found Cherokees and Mexicans
  living there.
• hung signs stating that if they couldnt prove
  they legally owned their land, they MUST leave.

14
SHOW PROOF OF LAND OWNERSHIP OR LEAVE!
15
Competing Land Claims

• Edwards response to the squatters angered
  Stephen F. Austin and other settlers in Texas.
  Austin wrote a letter to Edwards which called his
  behavior, imprudent and improper and
  calculated to ruin yourself and materially
  injure all the American settlements.
• Other settlers wrote complaint letters to the
  Mexican government.

16
Haden Edwards and his wife
http//home.austin.rr.com/texrev/1826.HTM
17
HADEN EDWARDS

• An election for alcalde was held on Edwards
  land.
• Norris won the election but Edwards said his
  son-in-law won.
• Many were angry!

http//libweb.sfasu.edu/etrc/COLLECT/MANSCRPT/PERS
ONAL/EdwardsHaden/edwmain.htm
Governor Blanco reversed the election decision
and ordered the Edwards brothers to LEAVE TEXAS!
18
FREDONIAN REBELLION

• Edwards, Cherokee leaders, and a few others
  formed the
• Mexican authorities heard this and were afraid
  this group would take over Texas.
• Colonel Ahumada and Stephen F. Austin went to
  suppress the rebellion.
• The conflict ended quickly.
• The Edwards brothers ran off to Louisiana.

FREDONIAN REPUBLIC
19
http//www.rootsweb.com/usgenweb/maps/texas/misc/
fredonia.jpg
20
An Attempt to Purchase Texas

• In 1826 the president of the United States was
  John Quincy Adams. People in America at that
  time wanted to move westward where there was more
  land and opportunity.
• Adams wanted to win the support of the American
  people so he sent Joel R. Poinsett to Mexico with
  an offer to buy Texas for 1 million dollars.
• The Mexican government was offended that anyone
  would think they would consider selling part of
  their country.

21
The Mier y Teran Report

• Mexican officials became suspicious of the
  colonization in Texas because they worried that
  if too many settlers came from the United States
  they would lose control of the area.
• General Manuel Mier y Teran was sent to
  investigate Texas and write a report about what
  was going on there.

22
The Mier y Teran Report

• Mier y Terans report claimed that there were
  many more American settlers then Mexican settlers
  in Texas. He said that the United States had a
  strong influence on those living in Texas and
  that these settlers were trading with the U.S.
• Mier y Terans suggestion was to keep slavery
  illegal in Mexico so that Texas would be a less
  desirable place for colonists to settle.

23
The Law of April 6, 1830

• outlawed immigration from the United States to
  Texas
• canceled all empresarial grants
• People were no longer allowed to come from the
  United States and settle in Texas.
• However, people from Mexico and Europe WERE
  allowed to settle in Texas.

24
The Law of April 6, 1830

• There were other provisions in the law that were
  meant to slow or stop Anglo American immigration.
• Slaves could no longer be brought into Mexico.
• New forts and presidios were built.
• Customs duties were put on all goods entering
  Texas from the United States.

25
The Law of April 6, 1830

• Anglo Texans were alarmed!
• Since they could no longer bring slaves into
  Texas they had trouble farming their cotton.
• The new taxes hurt the economy of Texans.
• Texans were upset that their friends and
  relatives from the United States could not join
  them in Texas.

26
The Law of April 6, 1830

• This law not only made Texans mad, it also raised
  serious political questions within Mexico.
• Under the Constitution of 1824, this law should
  have been a state issue.
• Instead, the Law of April 6, 1830 came from the
  national government.
• This law didnt resolve the crisis in Texas,
  instead it made the tension worse between Texans
  and the Mexican government.

27
MAIN IDEA
1
Not long after colonization began in Texas,
conflicts erupted between the Mexican government
and the colonists. Even though Mexican officials
attempted to control the conflicts, their efforts
served to anger and unify the colonists.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The issue of immigration continues to cause
conflict today between the United States and
Mexico.
28
CRITICAL THINKING
1

• What did nationalist leaders in Mexico infer
  from the Fredonian Rebellion?

• What developments in Texas alarmed the Mexican
  government? What actions by the Mexican
  government alarmed Texans?

• Summarize the provisions of the Law of April
  6, 1830, and describe Texans reactions to it.

29
A Bitter Division Evolves
Section Two

• Early battles and the Conventions of 1832 and
  1833 established the foundations of an
  independent Texas.

30
OBJECTIVES
2

• Describe the controversy surrounding the
  Constitution of 1824.

• Explain the significance of the Turtle Bayou
  Resolutions.

• Identify the events that led to the arrest of
  Stephen F. Austin.

31
SECTION 2
32
Unrest in Texas

• Under the Law of April 6, 1830 Texans had to pay
  a customs duty on everything that came from the
  United States.
• In order to collect these new taxes, the Mexican
  government sent soldiers to Texas.
• Texans didnt like having soldiers hanging around
  or having to pay new taxes to Mexico.

33
Santa Annas Rise to Power

• The president of Mexico, Anatasio Bustamante, had
  ignored the Constitution of 1824 by creating a
  strong national government.
• Under the Constitution of 1824 the states were
  given local control, so when President Bustamante
  took that power away, Mexican citizens were angry.

34
Santa Annas Rise to Power

• Santa Anna was in the Spanish military.
• He served on the mission to defeat the
  Gutierrez-Magee expedition.
• He shifted his allegiance from Spain to Mexico
  during the Mexican war for independence.
• He claimed to be opposed to the centralists.
• In 1832 he launched a revolution against
  President Bustamante.

35
Santa Annas Rise to Power

• Santa Anna was supported by many Texans in his
  revolution against President Bustamante because
  they did not like Mexicos strong central
  government (they wanted to be able to make
  decisions for themselves).
• Stephen F. Austin helped convince Texans to
  support Santa Annas effort to preserve the
  states rights constitution.

36
GEORGE FISHER

• was appointed by Mexican
  government to collect customs duties and
  stop the smuggling
• ordered all ships to report to customs house and
  receive clearance papers for the goods they were
  bringing into Texas.
• Most shippers ignored the orders of Fisher,
  especially the smugglers.

37
Conflict at Galveston

• George Fisher had a hard time collecting the
  taxes and stopping the smuggling because shippers
  didnt like paying customs duties and they didnt
  want the Mexican government telling them they had
  to stop smuggling goods into Texas.
• Fisher required all ships to receive clearance
  papers from the customs house at Anahuac on
  Galveston Bay.
• Shippers who were going somewhere else still had
  to go through Galveston which made them angry.

38
ANAHUAC 1832

• William T. Logan came to Anahuac searching for
  his slaves that had run away.
• Colonel Bradburn, a Mexican official who was
  suppose to enforce the laws of Mexico, was hiding
  Logans slaves.

• http//www.city-data.com/city/maps4/frs1598.gif

39
ANAHUAC 1832

• Logan hired William Barret Travis (a lawyer) to
  represent him and help him get his slaves back.
• Travis embarrassed Bradburn.
• Bradburn had Travis arrested.
• Patrick Jack (Traviss law partner) was also
  arrested.
• 150 settlers went to Anahuac to protest.
• Bradburn said he would release Travis and Jack,
  if the settlers would leave.
• The settlers left and camped near Turtle Bayou.

40
TURTLE BAYOU RESOLUTIONS

• Colonists sent John Austin to Brazoria get
  a cannon.
• While they waited for John Austins return, they
  drafted a statement known as the Turtle Bayou
  Resolutions.
• Pledged their loyalty to Mexico
• Stated they supported Santa Anna (who appeared to
  be on the same side as the Texans)

Before Austin returned with the cannon, Mexican
Colonel Piedras ordered Travis and Jack to be
released. He also dismissed Bradburn from his
command.
41
BATTLE OF VELASCO

• John Austin loaded the cannon on his ship and
  headed down the Brazos River toward Anahuac.
• In Velasco, Mexican Colonel Ugartechea would not
  let them pass with the cannon.
• Fighting broke out.

First time Texans and Mexicans shot at one
another.
10 Texans killed 5 Mexican soldiers killed
The Mexican soldiers were forced to surrender
when they ran out of ammunition.
42
The Convention of 1832

• About 56 delegates met in San Felipe to draft a
  set of resolutions.
• Stephen F. Austin elected president of
  convention.
• Texans wanted
• Repeal of Law of April 6, 1830
• Allow immigration from U.S. to Texas
• Exemption from customs duties (taxes)
• Requested better protection from the Native
  Americans
• Creations of public schools
• State of Coahuila y Tejas be divided so each
  territory could have its own government.

Officials in San Antonio refused to send the
Texan requests to officials in Mexico City.
43
The Convention of 1833

• While Stephen F. Austin was in San Antonio
  gaining support of the Tejano community, another
  convention was held.
• William Wharton elected president of convention.
• They asked for the same items as the Convention
  of 1832 except they drafted a constitution for
  the new Mexican state of Texas.

Developing this constitution and holding these
conventions made the Texans look defiant to the
Mexican government.
44
AUSTIN IN MEXICO

• After the Convention of 1833, Stephen F. Austin
  traveled to Mexico City to deliver the Texans
  resolutions to the Mexican official, Gómez Farías
  (fah-REE-ahs).
• While Farías was slow to address the Texans
  problems, Austin wrote a letter to the Texans
  suggesting they establish a new state government
  that would make Texas separate from Coahuila y
  Tejas but still a part of the Mexican Union.

45

• Austin met with Santa Anna the next month, who
  agreed to most of the Texans requestsexcept the
  request for a separate statehood for Texas.
• On February 10, 1834, Austin was returning home
  to Texas.
• He was arrested in Saltillo, after Farías
  intercepted Austins letter to the Texans.
• Farías thought Austin was challenging the
  authority of the Mexican government.
• Austin was thrown in jail.
• Austin was released on December 25, 1835.

46
MAIN IDEA
2
Clashes between Texas colonists and Mexican
leaders over states rights led Texans to
petition for a separate state.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Early battles and the Conventions of 1832 and
1833 established the foundations of an
independent Texas.
47
Section 3
48
SANTA ANNAS TRUE COLORS

• Texans quickly found out that Santa Anna did not
  share their views on government.
• Once in power, Santa Anna dismissed the Mexican
  Congress.
• Santa Anna had a new constitution written which
  gave him ALL the power.
• Santa Anna sent his brother-in-law, General Cos,
  to Texas to enforce Santa Annas laws and put
  down any rebellion.

Section 3
49
Trouble in Anahuac AGAIN

• Cos sent Captain Tenorio to Anahuac to watch the
  Texans and continue collecting Taxes from the
  Texan colonists.
• Two Texans were arrested for not showing respect
  to Tenorio.
• The Texans decided to force Tenorio and his men
  out of Texas, so they assembled 25 men and headed
  to Anahuac.
• William B. Travis was the groups leader.
• The Texans fired one shot to announce their
  arrival.
• Tenorio and his men surrendered and agreed to
  leave Texas.

50
WAR PARTY
PEACE PARTY

• Wanted to wait-and-see
• Did not want war

• Thought that war was inevitable for Texass
  independence

When Stephen F. Austin was released from prison,
the Texans looked to him as to how to handle this
situation.
51
Battle of Gonzales

• Mexican patrol (Cos included) wanted the cannon
  they had let the Texans borrow for protection
  against the Native Americans.
• Gonzalez Alcalde Ponton refused to give up the
  cannon without written orders.
• While the Mexican soldiers fled the area, the
  Texans buried the cannon.

52
http//www.tpwd.state.tx.us/park/washingt/media/im
age/hist_timeline.gif
53

• The Texans heard that the Mexican soldiers were
  planning on returning to take the cannon.
• 160 soldiers joined up on the Texans side and
  elected J. H. Moore as their leader.
• 100 Mexican soldiers went to Gonzalez to take the
  cannon.
• The Mexican soldiers saw that the Texans were
  armed.
• The Texans fired the cannon at the Mexican
  soldiers.
• The Mexican soldiers retreated to San Antonio.

This battle showed that the Texans were not
afraid to use military force if necessary.
54
The Army of the People

• Texans who heard about the Battle of Gonzales
  began to volunteer in the fight for Texas
  independence.
• They marched to San Antonio to try to drive the
  Mexican soldiers out of Texas.
• As General Cos marched to San Antonio he sent 30
  soldiers to Goliad so that they could protect the
  fort there.

55
The Army of the People

• George Collingsworth led about 50 Texans to
  attack the 30 Mexican soldiers who were
  protecting the Goliad fort.
• There was a short fight and the Mexican soldiers
  surrendered.
• This battle proved two things to the Texans
• They believed the Mexican army would be easy to
  defeat.
• They believed they could cut off the Mexican army
  from their supply route.

56
The Army of the People

• The volunteers who had joined up to drive the
  Mexican soldiers from San Antonio organized
  themselves into the Army of the People.
• They elected Stephen F. Austin to lead them.
• These volunteers began a month-long siege of San
  Antonio.

57
The Consultation

• a meeting in San Felipe
• delegates were deciding what action Texans should
  take
• war party and peace party delegates were there

• Delegates voted to declare Texas independence on
  November 6, 1835 and the next day they adopted
  the Declaration of the People in Texas in
  General Convention Assembled.
• They pledged to remain loyal citizens of Mexico
  who supported the Constitution of 1824.
• They also encouraged other Mexicans to join them.

58
The Consultation

• The delegates set up a provisional government.
• They elected Henry Smith as their governor.
• They sent Stephen F. Austin (and others) on a
  mission to raise money and troops in the United
  States.
• Sam Houston was chosen to lead the volunteer army.

59
The Attack on San Antonio

• The Texans decided to attack San Antonio when
  they learned that General Cos troops were low on
  supplies.
• Ben Milam led 300 men on December 5th to begin
  the attack on San Antonio.
• The fight lasted five days and Milam was one of
  the first men killed.
• General Cos eventually surrendered to the Texans
  and gave them all of the money and supplies that
  were in San Antonio.
• Cos also pledged to never again oppose the
  Constitution of 1824.

60
http//www.tejasland.com/history/cos.gif
61
Vocabulary Check

• Faction
• A group of people who share a viewpoint on an
  issue
• Seige
• A lengthy military attack on a fortified place
• Provisional government
• A group of people who make laws and provide
  services on a temporary basis

62
MAIN IDEA
3
When Santa Anna gained control of the Mexican
government, he sent Mexican troops into Texas
once again. His actions convinced many Texans
that independence was the solution.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Clashes between the colonists and the Mexican
soldiers led to the beginning of the Texas
Revolution.
63
The Road to Revolution
1826 The Fredonian Rebellion erupts
1830 Mexico passes Law of April 6, 1830
1832 Colonists and Mexican troops
clash at Anahuac
1833 Stephen F. Austin imprisoned
1835 The Battle of Gonzales fought
1835 Texans and Mexican troops face
off at Battle of San Antonio