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ANATOMY

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Title: ANATOMY


1
CHAPTER 2
  • ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION

2
Anatomy
  • The Structural Make-up of the Reproductive System

3
Female Reproductive Tract Location
4
Female Reproductive Tract Location
5
Female Reproductive Tract
6
(No Transcript)
7
Vulva
8
Vulva
9
Vulva
  • Entrance to the Reproductive tract
  • Below the intestinal tract entrance
  • Beneath the tail
  • Continued forward by the Vagina

10
Vagina
11
Vagina
  • 8 to 12 Inches in Length
  • Strong Thick-Walled
  • Usually a Collapse Tube
  • When Collapsed Folds Run Lengthwise
  • Normally Unobstructed
  • When Shortened Folds are Similar to Accordion

12
Bovine Reproductive Tract
13
Cervix
14
Cervix
  • Most Important Part of Reproductive Tract For
    Insemination
  • Thick-walled Tube with Irregular Passageway
  • Valve Between Delicate Inside Organs and Tougher
    Outer Organs

15
Cervix
  • Feels Like a Chicken Neck
  • Firm and Dense to Touch, Gristly Feeling
  • 2 to 4 1/2 Inches in Length 3/4 to 2 Inch
    Diameter

16
Cervix
  • 2 to 4 1/2 inches long
  • Longer in Brahman Derivative Cattle
  • Cows 3/4 to 2 inches in Diameter
  • Heifers 1/4 to 1/2 inches in Diameter
  • Size and Consistency Change With Age and
    Pregnancy
  • Late in Pregnancy Softer and Larger
  • Postpartum Much Larger and Very Soft

17
Cervix Location
  • Usually Found at Cows Midline on Front Edge of
    Pelvic Floor (Brim)
  • In Aging Cows May be Well Forward of Pelvic Brim
  • During Pregnancy Cervix Tends to be Forward and
    Downward Beyond the Pelvic Brim
  • Cows and Heifers That are Straining Cause the
    Cervix to be Toward the Rear End of the Bony
    Pelvis

18
Cervix Location
19
Normal Cervix
20
Aging or Pregnant Cow Cervix
21
Beware of Obstacles
  • Blind Pouch
  • Front End of Vagina
  • 1/2 to 1 Inch Deep, Surrounds Entire Back of
    Cervix
  • Fingerlike Projections
  • Arranged in 3 or 4 Circular Rings
  • Cause Passageway to be Crooked, Contain Blind
    Pockets, or Dead Ends

22
Natural Obstructions
23
Bovine Reproductive Tract
24
The Target
  • Semen Should be Deposited Into the Uterine Body

25
The Target
26
Uterus
  • Womb Where Calf Develops
  • Single Short Body and Two Horns
  • Horns Vary in Length From 8 to 15 Inches, and 5/8
    to 2 Inches in Diameter
  • Walls of Uterus are Soft and Spongy
  • Avoid Passing Syringe Past the Front End of
    Cervix
  • It is Easy to Poke Into or Through the Uterine
    Wall
  • Can Cause Infection or Even Fatal Peritonitis

27
Uterus
28
Bovine Reproductive Tract
29
Uterus
30
Oviducts
  • Also Known as Fallopian Tube
  • 8 to 10 Inches Long
  • Outside Diameter is Size of a Pencil Lead
  • Inside Diameter is Microscopic
  • Tube That Provides Route Between Ovary and
    Uterine Horn
  • Sperm and Eggs Move Through These Tubes
  • Fertilization Occurs Halfway Down Oviduct
  • Site Called Ampullary-Isthmic Junction

31
Oviducts
32
Bovine Ovary
33
Ovaries
  • Oval-Shaped
  • 1 to 2 Inches Long
  • Two Per Cow
  • Left and Right
  • Produce Tiny Eggs (ovulate)
  • Right Ovary Releases Slightly More Than 1/2 of
    the Eggs
  • Chance Determines Which Ovary Will Produce Egg at
    Ovulation

34
Structures in the Ovary
  • Graafian Follicle
  • Fluid Filled Sac Where Egg Develops
  • Fluid is Rich in Hormones
  • Bring About Temporary Physical and Psychological
    Changes
  • At a Certain Time the Follicle Ruptures
  • Corpus Luteum (CL)
  • Also known as the Yellow Body
  • Develops at Site of Collapsed Follicle
  • Rapid Growing, Solid, Meaty Structure
  • Remains Throughout Pregnancy

35
Ovarian Structures
  • Graafian Follicle Corpus Luteum

36
Corpus Luteum
37
Rectum
38
Rectum
  • Thin-walled Tube
  • 10 o 12 Inches Long and Stretchable
  • Manipulate Cervix Through It
  • Anus is Valve Between Rectum and Outside
  • Made up of Circular Muscle Under the Skin
  • Stretchable - Hand and Arm Enter Easily
  • Circular Contractions Move Along Rectal Wall
    Toward the Outside
  • When Strong They can Make Manipulation Difficult

39
Physiology of Reproduction
  • Functions of the various parts of the
    reproductive system

40
Follicle
41
Role of the Follicle
  • Pituitary Gland Hormone Stimulates Egg Growth
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (F.S.H.)
  • Many Follicles Recruited For Development
  • One Selected To Become Graafian Follicle
  • Follicle Grows Larger Secretes More Estrogen
  • Affects the Nervous System Causes Restlessness
  • Causes Cow to Stand for Mounting
  • Prompts Uterus Contractions
  • Increases Blood Flow to Genital Organs

42
Estrogen
  • Circulates Throughout the Body
  • Production is Greatest When Follicle Reaches its
    Largest Size
  • Causes Changes in the Cow

43
Signs of Heat
  • Stands for Mounting by Other Cows
  • Stands and Accepts Service From Bull
  • Vulva Swells
  • Mucus is Discharged
  • Cow is Nervous and Restless

44
Graafian Follicle
45
Corpus Luteum
46
Role of the Yellow Body
  • Luteinizing Hormone (L.H.)
  • Causes Follicle to Undergo Changes to Release Egg
  • About 10 to 14 Hours After Heat Ends
  • Follicle Ruptures and Ovulation Occurs
  • Egg Released
  • Cells Inside Collapsed Follicle Grow
  • Forms Yellow Body or Corpus Luteum
  • Secretes Pregnancy Hormone - Progesterone
  • Prepare Uterus to Accept Fertilized Egg
  • Maintains Pregnancy by Preventing Heat Cycles

47
Role of the Yellow Body
  • If Egg is Not Fertilized
  • Corpus Luteum Stops Producing Progesterone 16
    Days After Heat
  • Reduction of Progesterone Allows New Follicle and
    Egg Development and New Heat at 21 Days
  • If Egg is Fertilized and Accepted
  • Developing Calfs Presence In Uterus Causes
    Yellow Body to Remain Active
  • Alternating Dominance of Follicle/Estrogen and
    Yellow Body/Progesterone Estrous Cycle

48
Progesterone
  • Stops Follicle/Egg Production
  • Prepares Uterus for Fertilized Egg

49
Summary of Female Reproductive Hormones
50
Other Reproductive Activity
  • Sperm Waits in Oviducts
  • Sperm Travels from the Cervix in 2 1/2 Minutes
  • Sperm Requires Time in Female Reproductive System
    Before Capable of Fertilization
  • Special Chemicals in Female Tract Aid Sperm
    Maturity
  • Uterus Lining Changes
  • Thickens to Support and Sustain Fertilized Egg
  • Bloody Mucus 2 to 4 Day After Heat
  • Does Not Signal Pregnancy or No Pregnancy
  • Signals Cow Was in Heat a Couple Days Ago

51
  • Sperm Produced in Testicles
  • Sperm Accumulate and Mature in Epididymides
  • Sperm Pass on to Larger Collection Tube in Vas
    Deferens
  • Urethra Provides Canal for discharge
  • Sperm Discharged During Ejaculation
  • 63 Days are Required For Sperm Production to
    Ejaculation

52
Breeding
  • Natural Service
  • Bull Ejaculate Semen Deeply in Cows Vagina
  • Deposits 4-6 Billion Sperm Cells
  • Artificial Insemination
  • Semen Deposited in Body of Uterus
  • Sperm is Carried Through Uterus to Oviducts
  • Fertilization Single Sperm Penetrates Egg
  • 3 to 5 Days Later Fertilized Egg Reaches Uterus
  • Initial Cell Divisions Have Taken Place

53
Pregnancy
  • By Week 4 Fetal Membranes Line Uterus
  • Stretch From Right to Left Uterine Horn Tips
  • Developing Calf/Embryo Grow in Membrane
  • Later Cotyledons Form
  • Attachment Between Membrane and Uterine Lining
  • Form in About 100 Specific Sites
  • Provide Nutrients for Developing Calf From Dams
    Blood
  • Transfer Waste From Calfs Blood to Dams Blood
  • Gestation Normally Lasts 280 Days (9 Months)

54
Birth
  • Calf Initiates Complex Birth Process
  • Cervix Relaxes Under Hormonal Influence
  • Uterus Contracts
  • Forces Fetal Fluids in Fetal Membranes to Open
    Cervix
  • Membranes and Calf Enter and Stretch Vagina
  • Contractions of Abdominal Wall and Diaphragm
    Muscles With Uterine Contractions Rupture Fetal
    Membranes
  • Fetal Fluids are Discharged
  • Calf is Forced Through Remainder of Birth Canal
  • Fetal Membranes Discharged 1/2 to 8 Hours Later
  • Uterus Gradually Contracts and Repairs Itself

55
Ideal Calf Position At Birth
56
Summary
57
Re-breeding Fertility Levels
58
Voluntary Waiting Period (VWP)
  • 45 to 50 Days Needed to Repair Uterus
  • Must Shrink From Sack that Held
  • 80 to 100 Pound Calf
  • 5 to 8 Gallons of Fluid
  • 10 Pounds of Afterbirth
  • To a Small 1 to 2 Pound Organ the Size of a Pair
    of Mans Fists

59
Postpartum Uterus
60
Placentomes
  • 100 Distinct Button-Like Sites Attach the Fetal
    Membranes to Lining of the Uterus
  • Carancules are Located on the Uterine Lining
  • Cotyledons are Located on the Fetal Membrane
  • Each Carancule is Covered by a Cotyledon
  • Makes up a Structure Called the Placentome
  • At Calving Some Will Reach 3 by 5 by 2 Inches
  • For Normal Discharge of Fetal Membranes,
    Cotyledons and Carancules Must Promptly Separate

61
Placentome
62
Nutrient Exchange
  • Placentome
  • No Mixing of Blood, But Transfers Nutrient
    Waste
  • Nutrients Dissolved in Cows Blood Pass Through
    Thin Membrane Into Calfs Blood
  • Waste Products From Calf Transfer Through Same
    Membrane Into Cows Blood for Elimination
  • Mass of Tiny Blood Vessels
  • Separated by Thin Tissue Layers
  • Permit High Volume of Blood Flow
  • Enables Easy Exchange of Nutrients and Waste

63
Recovery Delays
  • Considering Size and Function of Tissues
  • Takes Considerable Time to Return to Normal
    Condition
  • Return to Normal Condition Delays Include
  • Calving Difficulties
  • Uterine Diseases at Calving
  • Retained Fetal Membranes
  • Other Uterine Infections
  • Some Diseases Within the Cow

64
10 Days After Calving
  • Horns are Very Relaxed
  • Uterine Cavity Still Large
  • Caruncles Still an Inch Long
  • Uterine Cavity Contains Bloody Fluid

Photo Courtesy of Dr. N.L. UanDemark, Cornell
University
65
17 Days After Calving Twins
  • Uterus Retained Fetal Membranes
  • Walls are Very Thick
  • Contains Bloody Pus
  • Caruncles Have Not Reduced Size
  • Without Treatment Will Not be Ready for Breeding
    at 45 Days
  • Untreated Infection Could Spread to Fallopian
    Tubes Causing Blockages

Photo Courtesy of Dr. N.L. UanDemark, Cornell
University
66
20 Days After Calving
  • Uterus Filled With Pus
  • Caruncles Large and Discolored

Photo Courtesy of Dr. N.L. UanDemark, Cornell
University
67
50 Days After Calf Aborted
  • Recovery Was Rapid
  • Generally if Abortion Occurs After 3 Months
    Should Give Cow a 50-day Rest
  • If Obvious/Severe Uterine Infection Follows
    Abortion, Get Veterinary Treatment, Needed Rest
    Time May Be Longer

Photo Courtesy of Dr. N.L. UanDemark, Cornell
University
68
28 Days After Calving
  • Free From Obvious Pus and Dead Blood
  • Caruncles are Still Enlarged and Swollen

Photo Courtesy of Dr. N.L. UanDemark, Cornell
University
69
35 Days After Calving
  • Caruncles are Still Large
  • A Little Pus and Some Inflammation of Uterus
    Lining

Photo Courtesy of Dr. N.L. UanDemark, Cornell
University
70
50 Days After Calving
  • Uterus is Ready for Rebreeding
  • Fully Contracted
  • Free From Inflammation
  • Caruncles are Small, Almost Level Spots

Photo Courtesy of Dr. N.L. UanDemark, Cornell
University
71
Summary
  • Cervix Can Be Manipulated Through the Rectal Wall
  • The Vagina Provides Passage to the Cervix
  • Cervix is Generally Located on the Front Edge of
    the Pelvic Floor
  • The Target for Depositing Semen is the Uterine
    Body
  • Uterus is Where Embryo Grows Into Calf

72
Summary
  • Uterus Consists of Three Parts
  • Small Body and Two Horns
  • Extending From Uterine Horns are Fallopian Tubes
  • At end of Fallopian Tubes are Ovaries
  • Every 21 Days Ovaries Produce Egg
  • Egg Develops Within Graafian Follicle
  • As Follicle Grows it Secretes Estrogen

73
Summary
  • 10 to 14 Hours After Heat Ends, Egg is Ovulated
  • Collapsed Follicle Grows Into Corpus Luteum
  • Corpus Luteum Produces Progesterone
  • Progesterone Stops Follicle and Egg Development
  • Gestation for a Calf is About 280 Days
  • A 45-Day Rest Between Breedings is Required for
    Reasonable Conception Rates

74
Question 1
  • Trace the female reproductive tract. Name the
    organs involved as you follow the tract, starting
    outside the animal.

Vulva, Vagina, Cervix, Body of Uterus, Uterine
horns, Oviducts, and Ovaries
75
Question 2
  • When youre doing A.I., the cervix is the most
    important part of the female. How can you tell
    for sure where the cervix begins and ends?

The cervix tissue feels like a chicken or turkey
neck. The vagina feels soft and elastic. The
uterus is soft spongy like tissue.
76
Question 3
  • To achieve the highest fertility rate, where
    should you deposit semen?
  • By what other name is this area sometimes called?

The body of the uterus.
The inseminators target.
77
Question 4
  • Eggs are produced in the ovaries. Do both
    ovaries release eggs in each estrual cycle?

No only one. Chance determines which one will
produce the egg.
78
Question 5
  • What are two function of the follicle?

To produce the egg by producing FSH, and to
produce estrogen.
79
Question 6
  • Describe how the hormone estrogen affects females.

Estrogen causes the female to become restless and
to stand to be mounted by another animal. It
also increases blood flow to the uterus and
causes glands in the vagina and at the cervix to
produce mucus.
80
Question 7
  • How frequently can you expect healthy,
    non-pregnant heifers and cows to come into heat?
  • How long does standing heat last?

Approximately every 21 days.
Between 6 and 30 hours with an average of 18
hours.
81
Question 8
  • What are two function of the yellow body?

Replace the follicle, and secrete progesterone to
prepare the uterus for pregnancy and prevent heat.
82
Question 9
  • Explain how progesterone affects the female?

Progesterone helps to prepare the uterus for
accepting the fertilized egg by reducing uterine
muscle contractions and promoting development of
the uterine lining. It also helps maintain
pregnancy by preventing heat cycles.
83
Question 10
  • How soon after heat ends does ovulation , or egg
    release, occur?

Between 10 and 14 hour, but it can range from 6
to 18 hours.
84
Question 11
  • After youve properly deposited semen, how long
    does it take sperm to reach the end of the
    oviduct where fertilization can occur?
  • Can sperm immediately fertilize the egg if it is
    available?

Approximately two and a half minutes.
No, it must mature in the oviduct first.
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