Nutrition

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Nutrition Cultivation of Prokaryotes

• Hugh B. Fackrell
• Filename nutrient.ppt

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Presentation Outline

• Essential Minerals
• Essential Nutritional Elements
• Energy Sources
• phototrophs vs chemotrophs
• Carbon Sources
• autotrophs vs heterotrophs
• Vitamins
• Culture Media

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Essential Metal Ions

• Mg
• Fe
• K
• Mn
• Zn
• Cu
• Co
• Ca

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Functions of Metal Ions

• Chlorophyll magnesium
• Cytochromes iron
• electron transport systems
• Enzyme activators
• many different metals

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Nutritionally Essential Elements

• C carbon
• H hydrogen
• O oxygen
• N nitrogen
• P phosphorus
• PO of HPO
• S sulfur

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Nutrients

• Used to produce new energy
• Used as building blocks for cellular material

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Carbon Sources

• Autotroph
• also called lithotroph
• use inorganic carbon
• carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, carbonate
• Heterotroph
• also called organotrophs
• use organic carbon
• carbohydrates, amino acids, orgainc acids etc

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Energy Sources

• Phototroph
• energy from light
• Chemotroph
• energy from chemical oxidation

Oxidation release of electrons which are
captured and used for energy
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Energy Carbon Source

• Photo Auto troph
• photolithotroph
• Photo Hetero troph
• photoorganotroph
• Chemo Auto troph
• chemolithotroph
• Chemo Hetero troph
• Chemoorganotroph

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Oxidation

• Inorganic
• Hydrogen sulfide gtgtgt sulfate
• (H S gtgtgt SO )
• Organic
• Glucose gtgtgt CO H 0
• Acetic acid gtgtgt

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Electron Transport Systems

• Proteins found in the membrane
• Capture the electrons in electron acceptors

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2H 2 e 1/2 0 H O
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Food Sources for Essential Elements

• Hydrogen
• water, hydrogen gas
• Oxygen
• inorganic salts or organic molecules
• Nitrogen
• N , NO , NO , NH , NH
• Sulfur
• SO , HSO , S , SH (in organic compounds)

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Protein digests contain polypeptides and amino
acids

• Digests excellent natural sources of CHONPS

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Vitamins

• Essential organic growth factors which microbe
  CANNOT synthesize
• e.g. Water soluble B vitamins
• Thiamine, B1
• Riboflavin, B2
• Niacin (nicotinic acid)
• Pyridoxine, B6
• Cyanocobolamine, B12
• Pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid

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Microbes DO NOT use FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS !!!
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Many microbes synthesize their own vitamins

• Therefore many do not require vitamin supplements

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Function of Vitamins

• Co enzymes
• co factors for enzymes
• Prosthetic groups

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Saprophytes

• free living, simple nutritional needs
• ammonia, phosphate, sulphate, metals
• Autotrophs, carbon dioxide
• Heterotrophs glucose

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Commensals/ Parasites/Predators

• Complex nutritional needs
• Glucose
• Amino acids
• Sulfate or SH
• phosphate,
• trace metals
• B vitamins
• Special nutrients Blood serum live bacteria
  alga
• Biopolymers

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Common Organic Nutrients

• Amino Acids
• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Lipids
• Fatty acids glycerol
• Nucleotides
• Pentose sugar phosphate

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Common Organic Polymers

• Proteins (MW 10,000-1,000,000
• polymers of amino acids
• enzymes, structural components
• Nucleic acids
• polymers of nucleotides
• information storage retrieval
• Polysaccharides( 10,000- 1,000,000,000,000
• polymers of monosaccharides
• structural, energy reserves

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Compound Macromolecules

• Glycoproteins
• Lipoproteins
• Lipopolysaccharides
• Nucleoproteins
• aggregates
• chromatin DNA proteins
• Glucoslyated nucleic acids

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Types of Culture Media

• Undefined
• Chemically defined
• Complex
• Anaerobic growth
• Special purpose
• selective (enrichment)
• differential

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Undefined Medium

• General purpose
• Nutrient Broth
• protein digest
• e.g. tryrpticase soy gttrypsin digested soybean
  proteins
• amino acids, peptides ammonium sulfate, salt,
  phosphate buffer pH 7.4
• Nutrient Agar
• 0.5-1.5 agar (seaweed polysaccharide
• melting point

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Chemically Defined Medium

• Known pure reagents
• organic or inorganic
• Exact duplication of experiments
• biochemistry
• enzymes
• toxins
• some vaccines

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Complex Medium

• Broth or agar
• Undefined supplements
• Nutrient blood
• Loefflers
• Chocolate agar

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Anaerobic Growth Medium

• Undefined media Reducing compounds
• Oxygen removed from the media
• Thioglycolic acid
• Cooked meat - SH groups

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Selective or Enrichment Media

• Contains substances that inhibit many microbes
  and allow a limited number of species to grow
• Easier to isolate microbes that may be few in
  number eg Salmonella Shigella
• Phenethyl alcohol agar inhibits growth of Gram
  negative
• Desoxycholate Agar inhibits Gram positive
• Lactose fermentors turn indicator red

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Differential Media

• Supports growth of wide range of microbes
• Emphasizes variable characteristics
• Blood agargt hemolysis
• Sugars
• Carbohydrate nutrient pH indicator
• Acid gt base Purplegt yellow fermentation
• DNAse agar