????? ???? (seebeck effect)

1
??? ???? ?????? ??????
??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????
??? ???? ??????
2
???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????
?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????
?????
?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??
??????
???? ???? (special case)
????? ??????
???? ???? ??? ?????
????? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ???? ????? ????
??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ?????? ???????????
????????? ????????????
????? ???? ??????
????? ???? (seebeck effect)
????? ?????? ???????
????? ?????? ((Peltier effect
????? ???? ???????
????? ?????? (thomson effect)
???? ?????? ???????????
??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????????
????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?
?????????
??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????
1- ????? ?????? (peltier heat)
2- ????? ?????? (thomson heat)
3- ?????? ???????
4-????? ??????? (conduction heat)
5- ????? ??? (joule heat)
6-????? ?????? ???????
3
???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????
???? ??????? ????????
4
?????

• ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????
  ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????
  ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????
  ????? ??? ???????.
• ????? ???? ??????? ???????????, ???? ??????
  ?????? ???????? (???????) ??? 1934,???? ?????
  ??????? ????????.

???? ??????? ????????
5

• ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???
  ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????
  ???????? ??????? , ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????,
  ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ????????? ???? ?????
  ??? ??????? ??????? ?????.
• ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????????,
  ??????? ???????,?????? ????? ????? ????????, ?
  ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????
  ???????????.
• ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????
  ????? ????? ?????????? ????????????.

???? ??????? ????????
6
??????

• ????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????
• ??? ????? ???????? (a) ???????? (v/k).
• ???????? ???????? (?) ? ??????? (mc ohm ).
• ????? ??????? ??????? (k) ? ?????? (w / cm .k).
• ???? ????? ???? ?????? (?,k, a) ?? ????? ?????
  ?????? ( ??????????? ?????) ?????? ???????,
  ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????.

???? ??????? ????????
7
1012 106 10-3
10-6
???? ??????? ????????
8
a
1012 106 10-3
10-6
???? ??????? ????????
9
1012 106 10-3
10-6
???? ??????? ????????
10
z
Figure of merit K-1
1012 106 109 10-3 10-6
Free electronics / cm
???? ??????? ????????
11

• ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????
  ???? ????????? ?????????.
• Z(a2/? k).(k-1)
• ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??
  ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????
• ( cm3 / 109).

???? ??????? ????????
12
????? ??????

• ???? ?????
• ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???
  ????? ??????? ??????? (k) ???? ?????, ????? ????
  ????? ???????? ???????? ????? (?).
• ???? ?????
• .??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??
  ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? (k)
  ???? ????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ????????
  ???????? (?) ???? ???.
• ???? ??? ?????.
• ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????
  ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????.

???? ??????? ????????
13

• ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??
  ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??
  ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
• ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??
  ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??
  ????? ???????? ???????? ????????.
• ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? , ? ????????
  ???????? ??????, ? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????.

???? ??????? ????????
14

• ????? ????? ??????? ??????? (k) ?????????
  ???????? (?) ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
  ??????? ???????? ????????
• K (1.4 x 10-8 ) T ?
• ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????
  ????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????
  ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? , ???? ??? ??????
  ?? ??? ??????????? ?????.

???? ??????? ????????
15
????? ?????? ????? ?????

• ?- ???? ????? (N- type materials)??? ????? ??
  ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????????.
• ?- ???? ????? (P- type materials)
• ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??
  ???????????, ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??
  ??????? (holes) .

???? ??????? ????????
16

• ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????
  ??????????? ?? ??????? (Bi) ? ?????????? .(Te)
  ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????
  ???????? ??? ???? ????????? (se) ??????
  ??????????? ????? . ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
  ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????
  (sb). ?????? ???????.

???? ??????? ????????
17
???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ???????? N type P type
??????? ???????? Bi2 Te3-Bi2 Se3 Bi2 Te3 Sb2
a (v/k). -170 x 10-6 160 x 10-6
? (mc - ohm ). 1 x 10-3 7 x 10-4
? 2a 29 39
K (w / cm .k). 12 x 10-3 14 x 10-3
Z (k-1) 2.4 x 10-3 2.8 x 10-3
???? ??????? ????????
18
????????? ???????????? (thermal effects)

• ????????? ???????????? ??

???? ??????? ????????
19
????? ???? (seebeck effect)

• ?? ??? 1821 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????
  ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? (junctions)
  ??? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???????
  ???????? (a) ???????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????
  ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? .
  ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?
  ???????. d v / d T ).(v/k) ) a

???? ??????? ????????
20
????? ?????? ((Peltier effect

• ?? ??? 1834 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????
  ????, ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????
  ????? (thermocouple) ?????? ?? ?????? ???????,
  ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??
  ????? ?????? ???, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ????
  ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????
  ???????? (n a) ? (ap) ?????? ??????? ???????
  ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????.

???? ??????? ????????
21

• ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????
  ?????? ????? ????????? i. ?
  ? Q
• i ??? ?????? ??????.
• ? ????? ?????? ? ??????? T.( n a - ap (?
• T ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??
  ???????.

???? ??????? ????????
22
????? ?????? (thomson effect)

• ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1856 ??? ??? ????? ????
  ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ??????? ??? ?????
  ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? , ??? ?????? ?????
  ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???
  ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????.

???? ??????? ????????
23
Th
Tc
Rod
i
Battery
??? 10-2 ????? ??????
???? ??????? ????????
24

• ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????
  ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????
  ???? ??????.
• ?????? ?????? ?? ? t i d T Qt
• ??? t ????? ?????? ????????
• t (tp tN) , (w/k.amp)
• ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? (a), ????? ??????
  (t) ?????? ?????? (?) ??
• )(tN- tp) (ap- aN ) p,N?
  d/dt(
• ??? (N) ???? ?????? ??????? ? (P) ?????? ???????.

???? ??????? ????????
25
??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????????

• Analogy between compression and thermoelectric
• systems

???? ??????? ????????
26
battery
Free electron
wb
Th
Th
Qh
P-type
N-type
Tc
Qc
Hot junction
???? ?????????
???? ??????? ????????
??? 10-3
27
compressor
wc
refrigerant
condenser
Qh
evaporator
Qc
???? ???????
??? 10-3
???? ??????? ????????
28
???? ??????? ????????
Free electron
N
N
P
wb
Qc
wb
E
Qh
Qc
???? ?????????
??? 10- 4 ??????? ??????
29
???? ??????? ????????
REFRIGERANT
Qh
wc
Qc
wc
Qh
E
Qc
???? ???????
??? 10- 4 ??????? ??????
30

• ???? ??? 10-3 ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????
  ????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ???? ???????
  ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ,(N element)
  ???? ???? (p element) , ????? ???? ???? ?????
  (cold junction) ??? ???? ????? ((tc , ???? ?????
  (hot junction) ??? ???? ????? ????? (th) ???????
  (battery).

???? ??????? ????????
31

• ???? ??? 10-4 ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????
  ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????.
• ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????????
  ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? (N) ???
  ?????? ??????? (P) ???? ????????. ???? ???? ??
  ?????? , ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????
  ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??
  ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????
  (R-12) ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ???????.

???? ??????? ????????
32
???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????
??????? ??????????? ? ?????????
???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????
??????? ?? ???? ???????
????? ??????
?????? ???? ?? ?????
???? ????? ????
???? ????? ????
??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????
???? ??????? ????????
33

• ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ((TC ??????
  ??????? ???????, ?(Th) ?????? ??????? ???????, ??
  ???? ????? ?????? (C.O.P) ????? ???????
  ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????
  ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? 10 ???. ?????
  ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???
  ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ????
  ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????
  ??????? ?????????.

???? ??????? ????????
34
??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????(energy
equation for thermoelectric system)
???? ??????? ????????
35

• ???? ?????? ????? ????? (?,k, a)????? ?? ????
  ?? ???? ??????? , ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????
  ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????
  ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.
• ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? , ??? ?????
  ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????.

???? ??????? ????????
36
1- ????? ????? (peltier heat)

• ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????
  ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?????
  ??????.
• ?????? ???????, i Tc a
  p,N c.? Q
• ?????? ???????.i Th
  a p,N h.? Q
• ??? a p,N ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????
  ?????? ? ???????? .( n
  a - ap ( a p,N

???? ??????? ????????
37
2- ????? ?????? (thomson heat)

• ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ??????? ??????(i) ???? ??????(element),
  ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.
• Qt tp.N i ( Th Tc )
  
• ???N t P, ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????
• tp,N (tp tN)
  

???? ??????? ????????
38
3- ?????? ??????? (power required)

• ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? (N) , ??????
  ??????? (P) , ??????? ???????? ?????????
• W a p,N i (Th Tc)

???? ??????? ????????
39
4-????? ??????? (conduction heat)

• ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????
  ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????
  ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????
• Qk Kp,N ( Th Tc )
• ??? Kp,N ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????
  ????????? KP,N (KP KN) A/L (KPKN)
• ???A ????? ???? ??????, L ?????? ??????. ????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????.

???? ??????? ????????
40
5- ????? ??? (joule heat)

• ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? Qj i2 R
• ??? R ?????? ?????? ?????????, R ? (L/A)
• ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??
• Qj Rp,N i2
  
• ??? Rp,N Rp
  RN

???? ??????? ????????
41
6-????? ?????? ???????(heat of contact
resistance)
???? ??????? ????????
42

• ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??
  ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????
  ??????? ??????? (N) ???????? ??????? (P) ? ????
  ???? ????? ?????? ???????? P,N .
• ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? Qc.R i2
  Rc.R
• Rc.R Rs Rc.p
  
• ??? Rs ?????? ???? ??????, Rc.p ?????? ??? ??????
• ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????
  ???????
  Qc.R F i2 Rp.N
• ??? F ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????
• F (Rs Rc.p) / Rp.N
  

???? ??????? ????????
43
?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????

• Calculation of theoretical thermoelectric system

???? ??????? ????????
44
???? ??????? ????????
COLD JUNCTION
Qc
Tc
,c ? Q
½ Qj
p
Qk
,h? Q
N
½ Qj
Th
Th
Hot junction
Qh
??? 10-5 ?????? ?????
45

• ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????
  ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? , ??? ?????? ?? ???
  ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? (?,k, a) .
• ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??
  ??? 10-5 ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????
  ??????? ?? c - ½ Qj - Qk.?
  Qc Q
• ??? Qc ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
  ??????.
• ???????? ???? .c?Q ? Qj ?. Qk

???? ??????? ????????
46

• Qc ap.N i Tc ½ i2 Rp.N kp,N(Th-Tc) (1)
• ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? , ???????
  ?? ??? 10-5 , ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???
  ?????? ??????? ?? ,h1/2Qj-Qk? QhQ
• ??? Qh ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????
  ??????.
• ???????? ???? Qk ?Qj ?.h? Q
• Qhap.NiTh1/2i2Rp.N-Kp.N(Th-Tc) (2)

???? ??????? ????????
47
?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??

• WQh-Qc
  
• ap.Ni(Th-Tc)i2Rp.N
  (3)
• ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??
• C.O.P(Qc/w)
• ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????
  ???????

???? ??????? ????????
48
???? ???? (special case)

• ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? (QJ) ? ?????
  ??????? (Qk) ? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???
  , ???? ????????? (1?2?3) ????? ???????
• Qcap.N i Tc
  
• Qh ap.N i Th
  
• W ap.N i (Th- Tc )
  

???? ??????? ????????
49

• ? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????
  ???????????.
• C.O.P(Qc/w)(Tc/Th-Tc)
• ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?
  ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? (Th,Tc).

???? ??????? ????????
50
???? ???? ??? ????? (case of maximum cooling
load)

• ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
  ????? ???? ??? ????? (Qc) ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???
  ?????? (i) , ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????
  ????? ?????? (1) ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??????.
  ?? ?? (d Qc/d i)0
• ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????
• iopt(ap,N/Rp.N).Tc
  ???? ?????? ??????

???? ??????? ????????
51

• ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ,
• Qc.max(a2p.N/Rp.N)1/2Tc2-1/Z(Th-Tc)
• ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????,
• W (a2p.N/Rp.N). Th.Tc
  
• ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ,
• C.O.P(1/2Th)Tc-2/ZTc(Th-Tc)
• ??? Z ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?
  ???????
• Z(a2p.N/Rp.N.Kp.N)
  

???? ??????? ????????
52

• ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? (Z) ??? ?? ??
  ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? (Tc/2Th) ? ???
  ?? (Th) ???? ?? (Tc) , ??? ???? ????? ??????
  ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????
  ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???????
  ?????? .

???? ??????? ????????
53
???? ???? ????? ????

• Case of maximum coefficient of performance

???? ??????? ????????
54

• ?? ??? ????????? ???????, ????? ???? ??? ??? ????
  ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? .
• ????? ?? B ap,N Tc ? A 1/2Rp.N
  
• D ap,N (Th-Tc) ? (Th-Tc
  CKp.N(
• ? ???????? ?? ???????? (1) ???? ??????? ? ??????
  (3) ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????,
• QcAi2B-C
  
• W2 A i2D i
  
• ?
  C.O.P(Qc/W)F(i)
  

???? ??????? ????????
55

• ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????, ????? ????????
  ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??????. ?? ??
  d/di(C.O.P)0
  
• ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????
• ???? ?????? ??????,
• iopt(ap,N/Rp.N)(Th-Tc)/(M-1)
  
• ??? 1.23 M11/2 Z (Th-Tc)

???? ??????? ????????
56

• ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????.
• W(a2p.N / Rp.N)M(Th-Tc)2 / (M-1)2
• ?????? ????? ??????,
• C.O.P(Tc / Th-Tc)(M-Th / Tc) / (M1)
• ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????,
• Qc(a2p.N /Rp.N)
  
• M(Th-Tc)(MTh-Tc)/(M1)(M-1)2.

???? ??????? ????????
57
???? ?????? ???????????

• PERFORMANCE OF THERMOELECTRIC SYSTEM

???? ??????? ????????
58
c.o.p
Qo
Z8x10-3
Z3x10-3
Z4x10-3
Z1x10-3
i
Tc
??? 10-6
???? ??????? ????????
59

• ???? ??? 10-6 (1) ??????? ??? ??? ??????? (Qc) ?
  ??? ?????? (i) , ????? ??? 10-6 (2) ??????? ???
  ????? ?????? (C.O.P) ? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
  (Tc).
• ????? ?? ??? 10-6 (1) ??
• ??? ??????? (Qc) ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????
  ?????? (i)
• ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? (z).
• ???? ?? ??? 10-6 (2) ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
  ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? (Tc) ? ?? ???
  ???? ??? ????????? (z).

???? ??????? ????????
60
????? ???? ??????

• Effect of current ripple

???? ??????? ????????
61
???? ??????? ????????
i
imax
2 Nd harmonic
i
?
??? 10-7 ???? ??????
62

• ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???
  ???? ? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????, ???? ???????
  ???? (rectifier) ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
  ???? ?????? ???? , ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? 10-7 .
• ?????? ?????? ????? ??, itI imax sin (?t)
  
• ??? i ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????,
• ? ????? ?????? ?????????, f
  ??4

???? ??????? ????????
63

• ????? ?? ???? ?????? (current ripple) ?? ???? ???
  ????? ?????? )? (Q ? ??? ????? ?????? (Qt) ? ???
  ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????
  ?????
• imax sin (?t) ??? ????? ? ????? ?????
• imax sin (?t)- ?????? ???? ????? ??????

???? ??????? ????????
64

• ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????
  ???
• (Qj) ? ????? ?????? ??????? (Qc.R) ? ??? ??????
  ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.
• ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? , ???? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ???, Qj i2Rp,N.(1F2)
  

???? ??????? ????????
65

• ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????,
• Qc.R i2Rp,N.(1F2)F
  
• ??? F ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???????,
• F(imax / i 2)
  
• ? f ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ,
• F(RsRc.p) / (RpRN)

???? ??????? ????????
66
????? ?????? ???????

• Effect of contact resistant

???? ??????? ????????
67

• ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?
  ??????? ?? ???????? , ?? ?????? ???? ???????
  ???????????, ????? ?????? ?????
• ?- ???????? Rp.N(12F) ???? ?? ?????? ????????
  ??????? ?????? (Rp.N).
• ?- ????? ?????? (Z), ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????
  ?????? ??????? , ????? ???? ??????, ? ????
  ??????, ???? ?? ??? ????????? (Z) , ???? ???? ??
  ???????? , ???? ?????? ???.

???? ??????? ????????
68

• ??????? ??? ????????? ??
• ZZ/(12F)(1F2)
• ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????
  , ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
  ????? ??????? ???????????.

???? ??????? ????????
69
????? ???? ???????

• TEMPERATURE DISTRIPUTION

???? ??????? ????????
70
???? ??????? ????????
Copper plate
solder
Copper plate
N-type
Qh
Inside air
P-type
Outside air
Qc
Cold junction
Hot junction
Th
Th
To
Ti
Ti
Tc
Tc
??? 10-8 ????? ???? ???????
71

• ???? ??? 10-8 ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????
  ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????
  (thermoelement) ????????? ??????? ? ??????? .
  ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? (Tc)
  ?????? ??????? ??? (Th) ?????? ???????.
• ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????
  ???? ?????? ??????? ?? (Tc) ??? (Tc) ? ????
  ?????? ??????? ?? (Th) ??? (Th) .

???? ??????? ????????
72

• ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? , ???? ????? ??? ???
  ?????? ?????? ??????? (Tc) ??? ?? ???? ??? ?
  ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (Ti) ,
  ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Th)
  ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????
  (To) .

???? ??????? ????????
73
???? ?????? ???????????

• Construction of thermoelectric system

???? ??????? ????????
74

• ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? , ???? ????
  ??????? , ?? ??? ??????? ?????? (thermobatteries)
  . ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????
  (thermocouples)
• ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????plates)
• (copper . ????? ?? ?????? ????? , ??? ?? ???? ??
  ??? 10-5 , ?? ?????? ??????? (thermoelements)
  ?????? ???? (N-TYPE)
• ? ????? ???? (P-TYPE).

???? ??????? ????????
75

• ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ?????
  ?????? ??? ????? (tinning) ??????? ????? ????? ??
  ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? .
• (70 Bi,30 Sn) ??? ?????? ????? ?? .
• (90Bi,10Sn).
• ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??
  ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????
  ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??
  ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????
  ?????? .
• ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????
  ????? ?? ???? ????????.

???? ??????? ????????
76
???????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??????
??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????
?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????

• Construction of thermoelectric system by solder
  sale

???? ??????? ????????