Chapter 17: Age of Absolute Monarchs

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Chapter 17 Age of Absolute Monarchs

• Sections 1 2
• Extending Spanish Power
• France Under Louis XIV

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The Hapsburg EmpireCharles V (1506-1556)

• 1500s Spain emerged as a European power
• 1506 inherited father Philip I (Handsome) of
  Spains lands in the Netherlands mother was
  Joanna the mad of Castile (became deranged when
  Philip died of typhus at age 28) aunt was
  Joannas sister Catherine (married Henry VIII!)
• 1519 Charles V/Charles I of Spain (grandson of
  Isabella Ferdinand) inherited a huge empire
  (Spain, Netherlands, HRE).
• Ruled an empire in which the sun does not set.
• Devout Catholicbut forced to recognize Peace of
  Augsburg (1555)
• Greatest enemy Ottoman Empire Suleiman the
  Magnificent

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Abdication of Charles V (1556)

• 1556 He gave up his empire to brother, next
  HRE, Ferdinand (Hapsburg lands) son Philip
  (Spain, Netherlands, S. Italy and possessions in
  the Americas).
• Retired to a monastery in Yuste, Spain
• Died Sept. 21, 1558 of malaria also suffered
  from severe gout
• His remains were transferred to El Escorial 26
  years later by his son Philip II.

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Suleiman the Magnificent1520-1566

• Known as the Lawgiver in the Islamic world
• Fair ruler, opponent of corruption, patron of
  artists philosophers
• He was a goldsmith poet
• Oversaw Golden Age of Ottoman Empire
• Annexed Middle East/North Africa conquered
  Rhodes, Belgrade, Hungary and laid siege to
  Vienna
• Died in his tent in Hungary (age 72)

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Philip II (1556-1598) Divine Right

• Ruled Spain as absolute monarch for 42 yrs.
• Believed his authority to rule came from god
  divine right
• Strengthened the govt. and defended the Counter
  Reformation supported the Inquisition
• Lived in somber palace of San Lorenzo de El
  Escorial outside Madrid served as both a
  monastery and burial place --- after a horrible
  experience accompanying his mothers corpse from
  N. Spain to Granada for burial next to his
  great-grandparents Isabella Ferdinand, he vowed
  to build a burial site closer to home.
• San Lorenzo was a Spanish martyr roasted on a
  grill/gridiron (El Escorial is shaped like this)
  in Rome his feast day was being celebrated when
  Philip II defeated France in the Battle of San
  Quentin on August 10, 1557.

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Crypt of the Kings/Royal Pantheon
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Panteón de los Infantes
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Crypt facts figures

• the body of every king and queen (only those who
  became mothers of kings!) since Carlos I (HRE
  Charles V), in 1558, except three -- Felipe V,
  Ferdinand VI, and Amadeus of Savoy are buried
  here.
• Current King, Juan Carlos I, will not be buried
  in this octagonal room no more space!
• The rulers' bodies lie in 26 marble and bronze
  sarcophagi that line the walls (three of which
  are empty) waiting to be filled by Juan Carlos
  grandparents and father.
• royal sons and daughters who never ruled (and
  died before age 7) lie nearby in the Panteón de
  los Infantes (a single circular cake-like tomb
  made of Carrara marble).
• Rotting Room! place for corpses to turn to
  skeletons to fit inside the golden caskets
  (approx. 1 yard long).
• ARE THEY STILL ROTTING? Juan Carlos
  grandfather died in 1941, and his grandmother
  died in 1964!

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Wars of Philip II

• 1571 defeated Turks at Battle of Lepanto
• 1560s battled Protestant rebels (rebelling
  against the Inquisition) in the Netherlands1581
  Dutch Netherlands split from the Catholic south
• 1580s Queen Elizabeth I seen as chief
  Protestant enemy --- 1588 Philip sent his
  Armada to fight the English Sea Dogs in the
  English Channel
• Sir Francis Drake called Master Thief of the
  Unknown World
• English defeated the Spanish Armada Elizabeths
  greatest victory

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Philip II vs. Elizabeth IJuly 29, 1588

• Spanish Armada took 130 ships (converted merchant
  ships broad heavy) and 30,000 men with the
  mission to land near Dover, England.
• English had approx. 200 ships
• English set fire to empty ships and sent them
  into the Spanish fleet this disrupted a planned
  meeting with the Duke of Parmas army in SE
  England.
• English blocked southern end of the
  Channel/Spanish had to retreat home NORTH over
  England, Scotland Ireland!
• Strong storms Protestant Winds led to the loss
  of ½ of Spanish Armada and ¾ of men

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Golden Age of Spain1550-1650

• Philip II patron of the arts
• Art (mannerism) El Greco, Diego Velazquez
  (famous court painter)
• Writing Lope de Vega, Miguel de Cervantes

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El Greco (1541-1614)

• Domenikos Theotokopoulos
• Born in Crete
• Lived in Toledo
• Spent time in Venice and Rome
• Studied Titian, Michelangelo Raphael
• Emotional intensity, distorted images, religious
  intensity in his work

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The Burial of Count OrgazEl Greco
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Las Meninas/Maids of Honor of the Royal Children
(The Family of Philip IV) Diego Velasquez
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France Under Louis XIV

• 1600s France replaced Spain as most powerful
  European country
• 1560s-1590 religious wars btw. Huguenots and
  Catholics
• Aug. 24, 1572 St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
  --- 3,000 Protestants massacred 1 week after the
  royal wedding day of Henry of Navarre (IV)
  (Protestant) to Marguerite de Valois, daughter of
  Catherine de Medici Henry II of France
  (Catholic)
• Approx. 70,000 massacred over many months

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Catherine de Medici (1519-1589)

• Married Henry II (France) at age 14 (he was also
  14)
• Uncle was Pope Clement VII, who refused to annul
  Henry VIIIs marriage
• Competed with Henrys mistress, Diane de Poitiers
• Mastered the art of lying assassination by
  poisoning
• Was a woman of fashion luxury (high heels and
  corsets lavish banquets)
• May have orchestrated the St. Bartholomews Day
  Massacre due to the fact that her son, King
  Charles IX, was getting too close to Huguenot
  Admiral Gaspard de Coligny
• Married her oldest daughter, Elizabeth, to Philip
  II of Spain

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King Henry II (1547-1559)

• Produced 10 children with Catherine de Medici
• Son Charles IX ruled during St. B.D. Massacre
• Daughter Marguerite married Charles IV
• Died in a jousting match when a sliver from a
  shattered wooden lance penetrated the closed
  visor, his right eye and into his brain
• He died 11 days later.
• Royal surgeon Ambroise Paré Andreas Vesalius
  tried to save him.
• Died on July 10th buried in Saint Denis Basilica.

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Nostradamus Prediction

• The Lion shall overcome the oldon the field of
  war in a single combat (duelle)He will pierce
  his eyes in a cage of goldThis is the first of
  two lappings, then he dies a cruel death.

• Catherine de Medici had the Comte de Montgomery
  (jousting opponent) beheaded, as well as 4
  criminals, who had lances thrust into their eyes
  at the same angle as Henrys wound to help the
  doctors find a cure.

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Henry IV (1553-1610)

• Huguenot princeinherited French throne in 1589
• Annulled his marriage to Marguerite (Henry IIs
  daughter) married Marie de Medici --- had 6
  children
• Baptized a Catholic, but raised a Protestant by
  his mother
• Converted back to Catholicism Paris is well
  worth a mass.
• Edict of Nantes (1598) granted protestants
  toleration in a catholic country
• Stabbed to death by a fanatical Catholic
  assassin, François Ravaillac, in 1610
• 9 yr. old son, Louis XIII, took the throne

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Louis XIII (1610-1643)

• Oldest son of Henry IV and Marie de Medici
• Maria served as regent until Louis was 13 yrs. of
  age.
• Married Anne of Austria at age 14
• Appointed Cardinal Richelieu as his chief
  minister
• Richelieus goal was to destroy power of the
  Huguenots nobles and strengthen the monarchy.
• Richelieus successor Cardinal Mazarin served as
  chief minister to Louis XIV, who inherited the
  throne in 1643 at the age of 5. Louis XIII may
  have died of tuberculosis.

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Louis XIV (1643-1715)The Sun King

• (1661) Mazarin died Louis took power of the
  throne himself (age 23) ruled for 72
  yearslongest reign of any European monarch
• Regents were Cardinal Mazarin and Anne of Austria
  
• Believed in divine right, took the sun as his
  symbol of absolute power, and motto was I am the
  state.
• Never called a meeting of the Estates General
  royal power went unchecked!
• Strengthened French army, appointed intendants to
  carry out policy
• Army (300,000 ) became one of the strongest in
  Europe

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Louis XIV continued

• Appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert as his finance
  minister
• Mercantilist who boosted French economy
• Put high tariffs on imported goods
• Encouraged overseas colonies and closely
  regulated trade with the colonies in N. America
  St. Louis, Missouri Mobile, Alabama Biloxi,
  Mississippi Baton Rouge New Orleans,
  Louisiana Quebec, Montreal
• Died on September 1, 1715 of gangrene poisoning
  (cause unknown)

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Louis XIV continued

• Louis XIV also revoked the Edict of Nantes
  (1685) led to over 100,000 Huguenots fleeing
  France their loss was as serious a blow to
  France as the loss of Jews Muslims from Spain.
• Louis died in 1715 5 year-old great grandson
  Louis XV inherited the throne his only surviving
  son, Louis, died in 1711. He and Marie-Therese
  had 5 children die in infancy.
• Louis XV died of smallpox at Versailles.
• His great-great grandson Louis XVI took the
  throne and married Marie Antoinette. They were
  both beheaded in the guillotine (1793) during the
  French Revolution.

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Marie-Therese

• Wife of Louis XIV married in 1660
• Daughter of King Philip IV of Spain
  granddaughter of Henry IV Marie de Medici
• She was short, dwarflike had the Hapsburg lip
  (extended lower jaw genetic defect)
• He had at least 3 mistresses and many
  illegitimate children
• Died on July 30, 1683 (poisoning or cancer???)

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Name Birth Death
Louis de France, Fils de France, le Grand Dauphin 1 November 1661 14 April 1711
Anne-Élisabeth de France, Fille de France November 18, 1662 December 30, 1662
Marie-Anne de France, Fille de France November 16, 1664 December 26, 1664
Marie-Thérèse de France, Fille de France, la Petite Madame January 2, 1667 March 1, 1672
Philippe-Charles de France, Fils de France, duc d'Anjou August 5, 1668 July 10, 1671
Louis-François de France, Fils de France, duc d'Anjou June 14, 1672 November 4, 1672
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Versailles and Royal Power

• Built palace at Versailles (1668-1710) 4
  building campaigns
• 1st court officially held on May 6, 1682
• Had 1,300 rooms, housed 10,000 people, had
  magnificent halls (Hall of Mirrors), salons,
  mirrors, chandeliers, paintings, statues,
  gardens, fountains (1,500) and flowers (tulips)
• Perfected elaborate ceremonies such as the levee
  or rising, which kept the nobility occupied
• Patron of the arts painting, music, ballet,
  architecture, academies of arts and sciences

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War of Spanish Succession (1700-1713)

• King Charles II of Spain died w/o an heir and
  named Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV, King of
  Spain.
• Louis mother (Anne of Austria) his wife/cousin
  (Marie-Therese) were both Spanish princesses.
• HRE Leopold I also claimed the throne as an
  Austrian Hapsburg. Charles II was his first
  cousin.
• Louis XIV wanted to unite France and Spain as
  one.
• English Dutch led the fight to prevent a shift
  in the balance of power in Europe.
• Treaty of Utrecht---Philip V remained King of
  Spain (although a French Bourbon), BUT France
  agreed never to unite the two crowns

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