EPA standards for fuel economy and harmful emissions

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(No Transcript)
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Introduction

• EPA standards for fuel economy and harmful
  emissions
• Health and environmental effects of hydrocarbon
  fuel combustion
• Idle reduction
• Immediate savings after implementation
• Reduced consumption of foreign oil

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• Lesson 1
• Introduction to Idle
• Reduction

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• Objectives
• Describe what idle reduction is
• Explain the basic history of idle reduction
  strategies and technologies
• Describe how implementing idle reduction
  strategies will benefit health and the
  environment
• Explain the economic benefits associated with
  idle reduction
• Describe what energy security is and how idle
  reduction affects it

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Definition of Idle Reduction

• Petroleum and emissions reduction technologies
  and strategies
• Idle speed at which ICEs rotate under no
  throttle or load
• Tachometer displays engine speed (600-1,000 rpm)
• Smooth engine operation during acceleration from
  stop and adequate oil pressure

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• Transportation and convenience idling
• Technologies, policies, strategies to reduce
  engine idle time
• Strategies and technologies to reduce both
  transportation and convenience idling

Figure 1 The engine tachometer showing a
vehicles idle speed. Source NAFTC.
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• Idling a vehicle may allow for the comforts of
  heat or A/C and the operation of accessories such
  as radios or other multimedia, but when your
  vehicle is idling, your fuel economy when not in
  motion is 0 mpg.

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Basic History of Idle Reduction

• ICEs in use since the early 20th century
• Old mechanical carburetors/fuel pumping systems
• New electronic throttle, high pressure fuel
  system, electronic fuel injection
• Idling vehicles produce no propulsion but still
  consume fuel and produce emissions

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• Pre-heating, pre-cooling for comfort
• Idling while waiting for traffic, etc.
• Load from accessories
• Long-haul trucks may idle up to 300 nights a year
• Non-driving time requirements

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• Policies for Idle Reduction
• U.S. EPA emissions and CAFE fuel economy
  standards
• More attention is being paid to emissions
  produced from idling
• Federal tax exemptions for heavy-duty trucks
• New vehicles and aftermarket products
• Clean Cities program, SmartWay Transportation,
  Clean School Bus USA partnership, and others

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Figure 2 States that have policies or incentives
to implement idle reduction technologies.
Source AFDC.
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• State enacted policies and idle limitations
• Local and city government regulations
• School bus emissions at idle
• Amount of fuel used per idle time
• Reduced idling immediate fuel savings

Figure 3 School bus at idle, consuming fuel and
producing emissions. Source EPA.
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• Idling a car for one hour consumes about one
  gallon of fuel.

• Source http//www.consumerenergycenter.org/myths/
  idling.html.

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Idle Reduction Today

• Cleaner, healthier planet
• Improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions
• Innovative technologies, specialized technicians
• Technologies and strategies implemented by both
  manufacturers and consumers

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• Consumer Idle Reduction Strategies
• Any reduction in idle time can save fuel and
  reduce emissions
• Idling during in-city driving
• Avoiding congested areas
• Limit idle time for convenience
• Immediate fuel savings

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• Manufacturer Idle Reduction
• New technologies, improved fuel economy, and
  reduced emissions
• Light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicle fuel
  savings
• Idle shutoff functions,
• mild hybrid technologies
• APUs for long haul trucks
• TSE implementation

Figure 4 Driver in a long haul truck utilizing a
type of TSE. Source IdleAir.
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• Truck idling uses approximately 3 billion gallons
  of fuel per year
• Approximately 1 billion gallons for overnight
  idling
• Roughly 2 billion gallons for workday idling
• Every hour a truck idles unnecessarily is
  equivalent to about 8 to 10 miles of on-road
  driving.

• Source Argonne National Laboratory.

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Why Consider Idle Reduction?

• Personal and environmental health
• Financial and fuel economy improvements
• Technologies manufacturing and service
• Implementation by both consumers and fleets
• Immediate reductions in fuel consumption and
  emissions

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• Advantages of Idle Reduction
• Reduced fuel consumption
• Fewer vehicle emissions
• Lower operating costs
• Increased engine life
• No-cost implementation

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• Additional Points to Consider
• Possible capital investment
• Personal convenience may be compromised

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Benefits of Idle Reduction

• Health and environmental benefits
• Reduced fuel costs - economics
• Reduced dependence on foreign oil energy
  security

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Health Benefits

• Combustion of fuels produces harmful emissions
• Creation of PM
• Respiratory and cardiovascular complications
• Idle reduction reduces vehicle emissions

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Environmental Benefits

• Emissions negatively affect the environment
• GHG formation, climate change
• Idle reduction reduced emissions

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Economic Benefits

• Excessive idling unnecessary financial loss
• Industry opportunity for implementation of idle
  reduction technologies
• Reduced consumption financial benefit for all
  drivers

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Energy Security Benefits

• Reduced idling reduced fuel consumption
• Reduced fuel consumption reduced reliance on
  foreign oil
• Nearly half of all petroleum used in the U.S. is
  imported

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• Upon completing this lesson, can you
• Describe what idle reduction is?
• Explain the basic history of idle reduction
  strategies and technologies?
• Describe how implementing idle reduction
  strategies will benefit health and the
  environment?
• Explain the economic benefits associated with
  idle reduction?
• Describe what energy security is and how idle
  reduction affects it?

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Test Your Knowledge

1. True or False Engine speeds of idling engines
   under no load are typically 600-1,000 rotations
   per minute (rpm).
2. What does the acronym TSE stand for and how does
   it relate to idle reduction?
3. A passenger car that is idles for one hour
   consumes about ___ gallon(s) of fuel.
4. True or False Vehicles that are idling while not
   moving have a fuel economy of 0 miles per gallon
   (MPG).

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• Lesson 2
• Idle Reduction Policies,
• Infrastructure, and
• Sustainability

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• Objectives
• Describe federal, state, and local policies on
  idle reduction
• Explain how both manufacturers and consumers can
  implement idle reduction strategies
• Explain the need for distribution of knowledge
  and possible infrastructure changes to assist in
  idle reduction
• Describe how idle reduction relates to
  sustainability and cost efficiency

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Idle Reduction Policies

• Reduced allowable emissions from vehicles
• CAFE fuel economy standards for passenger cars
  and trucks
• New goals implemented by the Obama administration
• Fuel economy gains of more than 5 per year

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Figure 5 New standards for light-duty vehicles
in order to meet 2016 compliance. Source EPA.
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Figure 6 Compression-ignition engine emissions
limits. Source EPA.
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• Testing Procedures
• Pre-defined test cycles for light- and heavy-duty
  vehicles
• Dynamometer vehicle testing
• Fuel waste and emissions from overnight idling
• New technology development
• Strict standards and timelines

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Figure 7 Test cycles for fuel economy and
emissions of light-duty vehicles. Source EPA.
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• Federal Idle Reduction Programs
• Clean Cities program
• Reduce petroleum consumption
• Offers educational workshops, grants, program
  development assistance
• SmartWay
• Partnership between government and industry
• Financing options for fuel-saving and emission
  reducing technologies

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• Clean School Bus USA
• Partnership between EPA and private organizations
• Reduce childrens exposure to school bus
  emissions
• Limit school bus idling

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• For more information on Clean Cities initiatives
  in your area, visit www.eere.energy.gov/cleanciti
  es.
• For more information on a SmartWay program,
  visit
• http//www.epa.gov/smartway/index.htm
• To learn more about another DOE idle reduction
  project, visit
• http//www.the-step-project.org

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• State Programs
• Individual regulations and incentives
• Incentives often based on vehicle weight
• Truck stop electrification (TSE) development
• Maximum idling time per hour
• Specific grant programs for idle reduction
  implementation

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• To learn about other states laws, visit
  http/www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state.
• And
• http//www.atri-online.org/2012/01/01/idling-regul
  ations-compendium/.

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• Local
• Maximum idle time in public places
• Idle time may vary by location, proximity to
  certain businesses

Figure 8 Idle-Free Tennessee Program. Source
East Tennessee Clean Fuels Coalition.
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Manufacturer Implementation

• New technologies help light- duty manufacturers
  reach CAFE/EPA standards
• Light- and medium-duty mild hybrid implementation
• Heavy-duty idle timer use
• Auxiliary power units (APUs)

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Consumer Implementation

• Purchase of new technologies/vehicles
• Understand how the vehicle operates
• Minimum warm-up/cool-down times
• Planning trips/avoiding traffic congestion

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Distribution and Infrastructure

• Distribution of Knowledge
• Strategies are implemented on vehicles that are
  already in use
• Easily adapted for advanced technology vehicles
• Immediate fuel and emissions reductions

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• Infrastructure
• Some strategies requires no infrastructure
  development
• Mild hybrid, HEV, EV production already in place
• Heavy-duty sector development
• APUs, TSE (possibility for up to 5,000 TSE sites)
• Utilization of electricity over petroleum

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Sustainability

• Completely sustainable practices
• Small changes can affect fuel consumption
• Less dependence on foreign oil supplies
• Remember overnight commercial truck idling
  consumes about 1 billion gallons a fuel a year

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• Cost Efficiency
• Immediate fuel savings
• Strategies can be implemented at no cost
• Technology investment may be offset by tax
  incentives and fuel savings
• The Future of Idle Reduction
• Necessary part of achieving higher fuel economy
  ratings
• Evolution from options to standard equipment

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• Upon completing this lesson, can you
• Describe federal, state, and local policies on
  idle reduction?
• Explain how both manufacturers and consumers can
  implement idle reduction strategies?
• Explain the need for distribution of knowledge
  and possible infrastructure changes to assist in
  idle reduction?
• Describe how idle reduction relates to
  sustainability and cost efficiency?

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Test Your Knowledge

1. True or False The Clean Cities and SmartWay
   transportation programs are examples of federal
   programs that address benefits of idle reduction.
2. In West Virginia, a heavy-duty vehicle may not
   operate more than ________ minutes within a sixty
   minute period.
3. The EPA estimates that overnight idling of long-
   haul trucks consumes 1 (thousand, million,
   billion) gallons of fuel annually.
4. True or False Additions in TSE could provide up
   to 64 electrified truck stops nationwide.

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• Lesson 3
• Idle Reduction
• Technologies and
• Strategies

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• Objectives
• Explain some of the technologies and strategies
  that are utilized for idle reduction in the
  heavy-duty vehicle sector
• Explain some of the technologies and strategies
  that are utilized for idle reduction in the
  light- and medium-duty vehicle sector
• Describe the safety, performance, and maintenance
  of vehicles that utilize idle reduction
  technologies
• Describe some of the vehicles available with idle
  reduction technologies already in place

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Heavy-Duty Idle Reduction

• Long-haul commercial freight carriers
• Rest/driving requirements set by the U.S. DOT
• Average truck idles more than 1,400 hours
  annually
• Technology, strategy developments to reduce idle
  time

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• Strategies
• No up-front implementation cost
• State-enforced anti-idling laws
• Bus loading/unloading
• Warm-up and cool-down procedures may require idle
  time

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• Technologies
• Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)
• Electrified parking spots at truck stops
• Enable drivers to meet rest requirements without
  idling

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• To find an electrified truck stop in your region,
  the DOE hosts a site locator searchable by zip
  code. It can be found at http//www.afdc.energy.g
  ov/afdc/locator/tse.

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• Technologies
• Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)
• Single-system vs. dual-system
• Single-system offers heating, A/C, electricity,
  internet, cable
• Unit is placed in passenger window
• Offers connectivity and comfort features
• Dual-system requires
• onboard equipment for
• each truck
• Driver plugs truck in to
• the electrical outlet to
• power onboard
• equipment known as shore power

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Figure 9 Long-haul trucks using truck stop
electrification. Source EPA.
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• Technologies
• Onboard Equipment
• Powered by external electrical source or existing
  fuel system
• Use is more efficient than allowing the engine to
  idle
• Onboard Heating
• Direct-fired small furnaces
• Consumes only a small amount
• of fuel per hour
• Coolant heaters heat
• transfer system
• Can be used to heat cabin and
• warm engine in cold climates

Figure 10 Direct-fired heater installed in a
long haul truck. Source DOT.
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• Technologies
• Onboard Cooling
• Thermal storage, battery-electric air
  conditioners
• Thermal storage energy is stored during normal
  operation, used at a later time to cool cab
• Battery-electric air conditioners powered by
  onboard batteries that are charged at truck stops
• Both produce zero local emissions

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• Technologies
• Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)
• Small vehicle-mounted
• systems
• Electrical generator powered
• by an internal combustion
• engine
• Heat recapture from ICE
• Powers accessories, HVAC
• Rechargeable battery packs

Figure 11 Auxiliary power unit attached behind
the fuel tank of a long haul truck. Source
IdleAir.
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Light- and Medium-Duty Idle Reduction

• Over 234 million light-duty vehicles registered
  in 2010
• Implementation of idle reduction strategies can
  have drastic effects
• Enormous potential for reduced fuel consumption

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• Strategies
• Provide immediate fuel savings
• Modern vehicle warm-up functions
• Extended idling situations
• Engine operation at higher speeds

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• Technologies
• Research is being conducted
• Advancements help reduce fuel consumption
• Block Heaters
• Use grid power to maintain engine temperature
• Operate on standard 120VAC outlet
• Reduces necessary idle time

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• Mild Hybrids
• Idle shutoff function
• Small battery pack and motor/generator (MG)
• Used only for short amounts of time
• Reduce idle time by shutting ICE off
• Other Idle Shutoff Technologies
• Advanced engine technologies reduce amount of
  energy needed to restart engine
• Conventional starters
• Micro-hybrids

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Vehicle Maintenance, Performance, and Safety

• Similar if not the same as conventional vehicles
• Regular scheduled maintenance
• Same performance, reduced fuel consumption
• Same safety systems as conventional vehicles

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• Upon completing this lesson, can you
• Explain some of the technologies and strategies
  that are utilized for idle reduction in the
  heavy-duty vehicle sector?
• Explain some of the technologies and strategies
  that are utilized for idle reduction in the
  light-duty vehicle sector?
• Describe the safety, performance, and maintenance
  of vehicles that utilize idle reduction
  technologies?
• Describe some of the vehicles available with idle
  reduction technologies already in place?

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Test Your Knowledge

1. True or False The only idle reduction option for
   light-duty consumers is to purchase new mild
   hybrid vehicles.
2. What does the acronym APU stand for?
3. _____________ heaters are like small furnaces
   that can be used to heat the cabs of long-haul
   trucks.
4. True or False Commercial truckers are required
   to take minimum amounts of rest time from driving
   each day.