How to work with graphs and statistics

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How to work with graphs and statistics
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How to work with graphs and statistics

• Practice with numbers
• How do you say the following numbers
• 100,000 3.1 607 ¾
• 1,000,000 14.75 400,602 45/8
• 1,000,000,000 65 536,000 25.05

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Numbers

• Hundreds, thousands, millions and billions
• 100 a hundred
• 250 two hundred and
  fifty
• 1,000 a thousand
• 5,400 five thousand,
  four hundred
• 10,650 ten thousand, six
  hundred and fifty
• 100,000 a hundred thousand
• 240,000 two hundred and forty
  thousand
• 500,000 five hundred thousand
  (or half a
• million)
• 1,000,000 a million
• 1,000,000,000 a billion

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NUMBERS

• It is important to be able to say and understand
  numbers in business contexts. You may need to
  give or receive details over the phone or during
  a face-to-face discussion. Remember to ask for
  clarification and check that you have received or
  have given the right numbers.

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Numbers

• Pronunciation
• Be careful of the difference in pronunciation
  between numbers like thirteen and thirty
  nineteen and ninety etc. Misunderstandings could
  cause problems.

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Numbers

• The number 0
• We say zero, oh or nought.
• Zero can be used to talk about any kind of
  number
• 0.25 zero point two five
• Tel [phone] three zero five six six seven zero
• Room 702 seven zero two
• You can also use nought before a decimal point
  and oh after it.
• 0.56 nought point five six
• 0.202 nought point two oh two
• Oh is also used in telephone and fax numbers,
  room numbers, reference numbers and account
  numbers. (See Dates)
• 3460928 three four six oh nine two eight
• Room 6065 six oh six five
• Ref number 3408 three four oh eight

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Numbers

• Telephone and fax numbers
• Say each digit separately, except for 'doubles'
  which you can join together.
• 210485 two one oh four eight
  five
• 471 661 four seven one
  double six one or four seven one six
  six one
• We often group the digits, putting a slight pause
  between the groups, as this makes it easier to
  say and to understand the number.
• 21 34 85 two one, three four,
  eight five
• 213 485 two one three, four
  eight five
• Note that it is not usual to say twenty-one,
  thirty-four, eighty-five in English.

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Numbers

• Decimals
• In British English it is usual to say each
  individual digit after the decimal point. This is
  not the case in American English.
• BrE AmE
• 4.56 four point five six four point fifty-six
• 0.175 nought point one seven five zero point
  one hundred seventy-five
• Note that in English we use and say point for
  decimals, not comma.

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Numbers

• Dates
• There are various ways to write dates, but to
  avoid confusion write the month as a word rather
  than a number.
• Write Say
• 1 October 1999 the first of October nineteen
  ninety-nine
• October 1, 1999 October the first, nineteen
  ninety-nine.
• 1875 eighteen seventy-five
• 1904 nineteen oh four or nineteen hundred
  and four
• 2000 two thousand
• 2004 two thousand and four

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Numbers

• Other numbers
• 20 twenty per cent
• 1/2 a half
• 3/4 three quarters or
• three fourths (AmE)
• 3 1/2 three and a half

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Understanding graphs

• A pie chart is useful when you want to show how a
  total amount is divided up, for example a budget,
  your profits, imports and exports.
• A bar chart is effective for comparing or
  contrasting results and figures from different
  sources or groups, for example ownership of
  various consumer goods.
• A line graph is the best way of showing changes
  over a period of time, for example changes in
  currency values, the inflation rate, or company
  profits.
• A pictogram is essentially the same as a bar
  chart but uses images or symbols instead of
  rectangular bars to show the amounts.

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Understanding graphs

• Scatter Diagrams
• What it is used For
• To identify relationships between two process
  variables.
• When to use it
• When the team thinks that one variable is
  dependent on another.
• To confirm that two variables have a
  relationship.

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Understanding graphs

• Scatter diagram

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Understanding graphs
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Understanding graphs
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Presenting Information as a graph

• When you want to present statistical information
  in graph form, it is important to choose the
  appropriate type of graph for the information you
  are presenting.

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How to work with graphs and statistics

• Graphs present information in a different way to
  written analyses and tables of figures.
• GRAPHS
• are easy to understand at a glance
• are more visually interesting
• can illustrate trends and patterns clearly and
  concisely
• can be presented in colour to highlight important
  differences or similarities.

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Tables and appropriate types of graphThe most
admired companies in 1999Here a bar chart is
suggested
RANK LAST YEAR COMPANY SCORE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 7 1 17 6 24 2 / 10 4 Coca Cola ProcterGamble Rubbermaid Johnson Johnson Intel Merck Microsoft Mirage Resorts Hewlatt Packard Motorola 8.70 8.55 8.35 8.32 8.30 8.26 8.23 8.23 8.19 8.19
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Tables and appropriate type of graphFidelity
Investments ownership of the company.Here a pie
chart is suggested
Non-family 51
Johnson Family Group 49.0
Abbot Johnson 24.5
Ned Johnson 12.0
3 family members and associates 12.5
50 executives (including fund managers and marketing executives) 51.0
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Tables and appropriate type of graphInvestment
Bankers in 2000Here a bar chart is suggested
RANK ADVISER VALUE of DEALS NUMBER of DEALS
1 Morgan Stanley 45,744 31
2 J.P.Morgan 40,325 33
3 Baring Brothers 36,549 33
4 Goldman Sachs 29,785 39
5 Lazard Houses 29,401 46
6 SBC Wartburg 27,303 93
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Tables and appropriate types of graphBrands -
of total marketing spendingHere a line graph is
suggested
YEAR MEDIA PROMOTION
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 55 55 52 53 54 55.5 56 45 45.5 47 46.5 45 44.5 44
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Describing Trends

• When you are talking about trends using graphs
  and statistics, it is important to be able to
  describe different types of change and different
  degrees of change

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Describing Trends
UP DOWN
RISE INCREASE SHOOT UP ROCKET GROW GO UP SOAR FALL DECREASE PLUMMET DECLINE DROP SLUMP COLLAPSE GO DOWN
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Describing Trends

• Fluctuate
• Stabilise
• These two verbs do not belong to the verbs
  indicating an up or down trend.

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Describing Trends
GRADUAL UP RAPID/SUDDEN UP
RISE INCREASE GO UP GROW SOAR ROCKET SHOOT UP
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Describing Trends
GRADUAL DOWN RAPID/SUDDEN DOWN
FALL DECREASE DROP GO DOWN DECLINE PLUMMET SLUMP COLLAPSE
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Describing TrendsAppropriate adverbs
GRADUAL RAPID/SUDDEN
STEADILY SLIGHTLY SLOWLY CONSISTENTLY GRADUALLY STEEPLY SHARPLY DRAMATICALLY RAPIDLY
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PRACTICE

• Imagine you are the Sales Manager of LochGlen
• plc, a Scottish conpany which produces various
• brands of whisky. Use the information in the
• following tables to prepare a short presentation
• about the company, covering trends in
• UK sales
• Market share at home and abroad
• Brand profitability

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UK sales in 000s
1999 2000
LOCHGLEN 50 000 52 000
LOCHKEDDIE 45 000 49 000
MACDINGLE 36 000 43 000
ROYAL SCOT 47 000 46 000
TOTAL SALES 183 000 190 000
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MARKET SHARE ()
EUROPE NORTH AMERICA JAPAN
1995 9 10 2
1996 9.5 11 2.5
1997 10 12 5
1998 10.25 15 6
1999 11 14.5 6.6
2000 10.5 14 7
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PROFITS ON SALE OF TWO UK BRANDS ( MILLION
STERLING)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
OLD MALT 1.2 1.5 2 2.3 2.5
GLEN CLASSIC 3 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6
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SUGGESTED ANSWER

• Sales have gone up for most brands between 1999
  and 2000 in the UK, with a slight drop for Royal
  Scot. LochKeddie has steadily increased its
  market share and the sales of MacDingle have
  soared.
• The trend for the first half of the 90s is an
  overall increase in the market share of these
  products all over the world, particularly in
  Japan, where the market share has grown sharply.
• Old Malt brand has doubled its profitability,
  whereas Glen Classic has slightly decreased over
  the last five years.