Recovery and Rebirth:

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Chapter 12

• Recovery and Rebirth
• The Renaissance
• Pg. 314-320

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Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian
Renaissance

• Renaissance Rebirth
• Rebirth of antiquity Greco-Roman civilization
• Jacob Burkhardt
• Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)
• Portrayed Italy as the birthplace of the modern
  world
• Urban Society
• City-states dominated political, economic,
  social life
• Age of Recovery
• Effects of Black Death, political disorder,
  economic recession
• Emphasis on individual ability
• New social ideal of a well rounded or universal
  person
• Wealthy upper class, not a mass movement

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Possible Test Question

• The Italian Renaissance was primarily
• a mass movement of the peasants.
• characterized by a preoccupation with religion.
• a product of rural Italy.
• a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and
  Greco-Roman culture.
• a religious reform movement.

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Possible Test Question

• According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in
  Italy represented
• the greatest period of economic recovery in the
  history of civilization.
• a period of moral decline.
• An era of tremendous graft and corruption in
  Italian government.
• A continuation of the culture of the High Middle
  Ages.
• A distinct break from the Middle Ages and the
  true birth of the modern world.

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The Making of Renaissance Society

• Economic Recovery
• Italian cities lose economic supremacy
• Lost their advantage due to the plague
• Hanseatic League
• Commercial organization of German Towns
• Manufacturing
• Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgy
  (firearms)
• Banking
• Florence and the Medici
• Patron to the arts

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Possible Test Question

• The Medici controlled the finances of the Italian
  city-state of
• Venice
• Rome
• Milan
• Florence
• Naples

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Possible Test Question

• What was the commercial and military league set
  up off the north coast of Germany?
• Delian League
• Prussian Confederation
• Baltic League
• League of German Cities
• Hanseatic League

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Possible Test Question

• Two key areas of Renaissance technological
  innovation were
• fireworks and glass making.
• mill construction and hydraulics.
• mining and metalworking, including manufacture of
  firearms.
• Optical instruments and lens grinding.
• The use of the vault and the arch.

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Social Changes in the Renaissance

• The Nobility (2nd Estate)
• Reconstruction of the aristocracy
• Aristocracy 2 3 percent of the population
• Pursued education to maintain role in government
• Baldassare Castiglione (1478 1529)
• The Book of the Courtier (1528)
• Impeccable character, grace, talents and noble
  birth
• Achievements such as military and bodily
  exercises
• Classical education, well versed in the arts
• Service to the prince
• Ideal of a well developed personality became the
  social ideal for the aristocracy

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Possible Test Question

• Castigliones The Courtier was a
• primer on military training for nobles.
• very popular handbook laying out the new skills
  in politics, the arts, and personality expected
  of Renaissance aristocrats.
• sharp denunciation of the wasteful noble life.
• treatise against active participation in public
  life.
• work on how to achieve political power and then
  keep it.

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Possible Test Question

• The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were
  the products of
• an elite movement, involving small numbers of
  wealthy patrons, artists, and intellectuals.
• a mass movement in which all sections of society
  participated and contributed.
• a narrow religious movement directed almost
  entirely by clerics.
• a political movement in essence controlled mainly
  by kings.
• Foreign inspiration and influence, particularly
  from Islamic Spain.

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Peasants and Townspeople

• Peasants (3rd Estate)
• Peasants 85 90 percent of population
• Decline of manorial system and serfdom
• Urban Society hierarchy of 3rd Estate
• Patricians wealth from trade, industry, banking
• Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans,
  guildmasters, and guildsmen
• The poor and unemployed (30-40 of urban pop.)
• Slaves
• Black Death caused a shortage of workers
• Slavery declined by the end of the 15th century

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Possible Test Question

• The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was
• predominately urban
• essentially free from the manorial system,
  especially in eastern Europe.
• relatively free from violence and disease in
  urban areas.
• overwhelmingly made up of peasants.
• made up of clergy and nobles.

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Possible Test Question

• The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth
  century occurred largely as a result of
• continued warfare and the capture of foreign
  prisoners.
• the shortage of labor created by the Black Death.
• papal decrees encouraging a paternal relationship
  with pagans.
• movements for Italian naval domination of the
  Mediterranean and the attendant need of manpower.
• the importation of slaves from Africa.

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Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy

• Husbands and Wives
• Arranged Marriages
• Size of dowry depended on status
• Husband head of household
• Had to legally free kids or emancipate them
• Wife managed household
• Had lots of babies!
• Children
• Childbirth
• Approx. 10 of mothers died
• 50 of children didnt reach the age of 20
• Sexual Norms
• Aristocratic men had affairs quite often
• Prostitution was seen as a necessary vice

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Possible Test Question

• Which of the following statements best describes
  marriage in Renaissance Italy?
• Young men asked women for their hand in marriage,
  after a lengthy courtship.
• Husbands were generally the same age as their
  spouses.
• Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen
  familial alliances.
• Men and women waited longer to get married than
  in the Middle Ages.
• Men and women married earlier than in the Middle
  Ages because of increased economic opportunities.

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The Italian States in the Renaissance

• Five Major Powers
• Milan
• Francesco Sforza
• Venice
• Florence
• Cosimo Medici (1434-1464)
• Lorenzo the Magnificent (1469-1492)
• The Papal States
• Looked to regain control over Urbino, Bologna,
  Ferrara
• Kingdom of Naples

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Italian States Contd

• Independent City-States
• Mantua
• Vittorino da Feltre
• Ferrara
• Governend by the DEste family
• Urbino
• Federigo da Montefeltro
• Wife was Battista Sforza, niece of Francesco
  Sforza
• The Role of Women
• Battista Sforza governed Urbino when her husband
  was gone
• Naples was strongly influenced by Isabella dEste
• Helped rule Mantua before after her husbands
  death

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Italian States Contd

• Warfare in Italy
• Balance of power between city states existed
• Until Ludovico Sforza invited French to intervene
  in Italian polics
• Other states turned to Spain for help
• Struggle between France and Spain
• Charles VIII of France vs. Ferdinand of Aragon
• After 1510, Francis I of France vs. Charles I of
  Spain
• Charles I sacked Rome in 1527 ending the Italian
  wars
• Invasion and division
• Still only a slight sense of Italian nationalism
• Italy will not be a unified nation until 1870

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Possible Test Question

• By the fifteenth century, Italy was
• a centralized state.
• dominated by the Papal States exclusively.
• the foremost European power.
• dominated by five major regional independent
  powers.
• made up of hundreds of independent city-states.

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Possible Test Question

• Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling women
  was
• Battista Sforza.
• Isabella dEste.
• Christina of Milan.
• Catherine de Medici.
• Christine de Pizan.

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Possible Test Question

• Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was
• an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent
  Italian warrior prince.
• an outspoken advocate of Italian unification.
• a callous, disloyal prince, loathed by the
  papacy.
• strictly opposed to the proliferation of
  condottieri in Italy.
• a pious subject of the papacy.

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Possible Test Question

• The Peace of Lodi in 1454 exemplifies what key
  Italian Renaissance political concept?
• rule through intimidation
• peace at any price
• a balance of power between multiple, competing
  territorial states
• the useless nature of paper treaties
• the inevitability of war and violence

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Map 12.1 Renaissance Italy
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The Birth of Modern Diplomacy

• Modern diplomacy a product of Renaissance Italy
• Ambassador used to be a servant of Christendom
• Changing concept of the ambassador
• Resident ambassadors
• Agents of the territorial state

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Machiavelli and the New Statecraft

• Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 1527)
• The Prince (1513)
• Realistic examination political rule
• Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of
  political power
• Prince should act on behalf of the state, not his
  conscience
• Cesare Borgia
• Pope Alexander VI son
• Perfect model for the The Prince

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Possible Test Question

• Machiavellis ideas as expressed in the The
  Prince achieve a model for
• a republican state in Italy.
• a new attitude of moral responsibility among
  politicians.
• a modern secular concept of power politics.
• a deeply religious conception of the religious
  sanctity of the state.
• the justification of divine right monarchy.

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Italian Renaissance Humanism

• Classical Revival
• Petrarch (1304 1374)
• Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy
• Leonardo Bruni (1370 1444)
• New Cicero
• Lorenzo Valla (1407 1457)
• Humanism and Philosophy
• Marsilio Ficino (1433 1499)
• Translates Platos dialogues
• Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism
• Renaissance Hermeticism
• Ficino, Corpus Hermeticum
• Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 1494),
  Oration on the Dignity of Man

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Education, History, and the Impact of Printing

• Education in the Renaissance
• Liberal Studies history, moral philosophy,
  eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and
  logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music
• Education of women
• Aim of education was to create a complete citizen
• Humanism and History
• Secularization
• Guicciardini (1483 1540), History of Italy,
  History of Florence
• The Impact of Printing
• Johannes Gutenberg
• Movable type (1445 1450)
• Gutenbergs Bible (1455 or 1456)
• The spread of printing

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Art in the Early Renaissance

• Masaccio (1401 1428)
• Perspective and Organization
• Movement and Anatomical Structure
• Paolo Uccelo (1397 1475)
• The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian
• Sandro Botticelli (1445 1510)
• Primavera
• Donato di Donatello (1386 1466)
• David
• Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 1446)
• The Cathedral of Florernce
• Church of San Lorenzo

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Masaccio, Tribute Money
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The Artistic High Renaissance

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519)
• Last Supper
• Raphael (1483 1520)
• School of Athens
• Michelangelo (1475 1564)
• The Sistine Chapel

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Raphael, School of Athens
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The Artist and Social Status

• Early Renaissance
• Artists as craftsmen
• High Renaissance
• Artists as heroes

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The Northern Artistic Renaissance

• Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 1441)
• Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
• Albrecht Dürer (1471 1528)
• Adoration of the Magi

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Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
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Music in the Renaissance

• Burgundy
• Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400 1474)
• The Renaissance Madrigal

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The European State in the Renaissance

• The Renaissance State in Western Europe
• France
• Louis XI the Spider King (1461 1483)
• England
• War of the Roses
• Henry VII Tudor (1485 1509)
• Spain
• Unification of Castile and Aragón
• Establishment of professional royal army
• Religious uniformity
• The Inquisition
• Conquest of Granada
• Expulsion of the Jews

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Map 12.2 Europe in the Second Half of the
Fifteenth Century
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Map 12.3 The Iberian Peninsula
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Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires

• Central Europe The Holy Roman Empire
• Habsburg Dynasty
• Maximilian I (1493 1519)
• The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern
  Europe
• Poland
• Hungary
• Russia
• The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine
  Empire
• Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory
• Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)

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Map 12.4 The Ottoman Empire and Southeastern
Europe
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The Church in the Renaissance

• The Problems of Heresy and Reform
• John Wycliff (c. 1328 1384) and Lollardy
• John Hus (1374 1415)
• Urged the elimination of worldliness and
  corruption of the clergy
• Burned at the stake (1415)
• Church Councils
• The Papacy
• The Renaissance Papacy
• Julius II (1503 1513)
• Warrior Pope
• Nepotism
• Patrons of Culture
• Leo X (1513 1521)

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Discussion Questions

• Does the Renaissance represent a sharp break from
  the Middle Ages or a continuation of the Medieval
  Period?
• What social changes did the Renaissance bring
  about?
• How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of
  political power?
• How did the printing press change European
  society?
• What technical achievements did Renaissance
  artists make? Why were they significant?
• What was the relation between art and politics in
  Renaissance Italy?
• How did the popes handle the growing problems
  that were emerging in the Church in the Fifteenth
  and early Sixteenth Century?

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Web Links

• Renaissance Secrets
• Explore Leonardos Studio
• Leonardo da Vinci on the BBC
• Vatican Exhibit Rome Reborn
• Renaissance Focus on Florence
• The Uffizi Gallery Florence
• Vatican Museums The Sistine Chapel
• Gutenberg.de
• The War of the Roses
• The Ottoman Website