METR155 Remote Sensing - Lecture 1

1
METR155 Remote Sensing - Lecture 1
Professor Menglin Susan Jin San Jose State
University, Department of Meteorology and Climate
Science
Class notes- www.met.sjsu.edu/jin
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• Outline of todays lecture
• Introduction and Welcome
• Discussion on the Greensheet overview of this
  class
• Learning Contract
• First Glance on the Power of Remote Sensing from
  Space
• Get-to-know each other exam

3
For greensheet, class ppt notes http//www.met.sj
su.edu/jin/METR155fall2012.htm
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About Professor
A very good scholar www.met.sjsu.edu/jin
1.
Research projects funded by NASA, NSF,
Department of Defense On land surface climate
change, urbanization, remote sensing 20 leading
author papers on top journals
2. an effective teacher

• Approachable,
• Respectful
• Encouraging

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Goal METR155 will help you to know the
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing, Satellite
Observations for Climate Change Research, and
gain appreciation of the complexities involved
with remote sensing

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For METR155 Students
Homework 30 (10-12 homework) Midterm Exam(I and
II) 40 Class Participation 5 Final Exam
25 Scale 90 A, 80s B, 70s C, 60s D, lt60
F Homework will be assigned in class collected
in discussions about 1-2 weeks later.
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Fore METR280 Students (graduate students)
Homework 25 (10-12 homework) Midterm Exam(I and
II) 30 Class Participation 5 Research Project
20 Final Exam 20 Scale 105 A, 90s B, 78s
C, 65s D, lt65 F Homework will be assigned in
class collected in discussions on 1-2 weeks
later.
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Content
The structure of the course include Part 1
Basic theory radiation, sensor design,
orbit Part 2 Image Processing and
Retrieval Skin Temperature, Vegetation
Index Cloud Effective radius Part 3.
Application in Climate Research.
Mid-term1
Research project
Mid-term2
Research Report
Final Exam
See the greensheet for details
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Lecture Hour 1030 1145 PM, Tuesday and
Thursday Place DH615 Office Hour
Wednesday 1100 AM -1200 PM Tuesday 115-215
PM Place MSJs Office (DH613) TA TBD

• I will meet with you for extra office hour
  whenever you need.
• send email for appointment.

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References
Close-to-be Textbook King, M. D. et al. 2007 Our
Changing Planet The View From Space.
Cambridge New York Cambridge University
Press,, 2007 Reference Book Stephens, G. L.
Remote Sensing of the Lower Atmosphere An
Introduction Schowengerdt, Robert A. Remote
Sensing Models and Methods for Image Processing
(2nd edition). Academic Press.
Schott, J. R. 1997 Remote Sensing The Image
Chain Approach. Oxford University Press.

• Useful materials will be assigned on
  webpage/homework/class

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Learning Contract

• Instructor
• On time and prepared.
• Answers questions.
• Approachable and friendly.
• Fair with assignments and grades.
• Genuinely concerned about your learning and
  intellectual development.

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Learning Contract

• Students
• Make every effort to arrive on time and if
  late, enter class quietly.
• Preserve a good classroom learning environment
  by
• a) refraining from talking when other people
  are talking
• b) turning off cell phones.
• Be courteous to other students and the
  instructor.
• Aware that learning is primarily your
  responsibility.
• Aware of universities policy on academic
  integrity and pledge to abide by them at
  all times.
• Have read and understand what plagiarism is and
  know how to cite sources properly.

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Academic Integrity

• Integrity of university, its courses and degrees
  relies on academic standards.
• Cheating
• Copying from anothers test, cheatsheet etc.
• Sitting an exam by, or as, a surrogate.
• Submitting work for another
• Plagiarism
• Representing the work of another as ones own
  (without giving appropriate credit)

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Plagiarism

• Judicial Affairs
• http//sa.sjsu.edu/judicial_affairs/index.html
• Look at the Student Code of Conduct
• Read through SJSU library site on Plagiarism
• http//www.sjlibrary.org/services/literacy/info_co
  mp/plagiarism.htm

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One World
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Why Remote Sensing
Strictly speaking, this course is designed to
give an introduction to the topic of remote
sensing on earth system and climatology

• Remote sensing systems are
• Instructors area of research
• Wide area of interest with availability
  of sensor data (Google Earth)
• Examples in this course concentrate on
  terrestrial and atmosphere remote sensing
• The goal is not to teach remote sensing, but to
  familiarize with
• Jargon/terminology from remote sensing
• underlying physics
• Methods introduced here are used in a variety of
  other fields
• Biomedical imaging
• Astronomical studies
• Industry and manufacturing
• Each field has its own idiosyncrasies that
  will drive the

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Getting Acquainted" Quiz Class Participation

• Write three sentence about Quantum Physics
• What is Electromagnetic Spectrum?
• What are Transmittance, Absorptance, and
  Reflectance?
• Why do we need remote sensing from space?
• What are the advantages of remote sensing
  technique, you feel?
• What are the disadvantages of remote sensing, you
  feel?

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Getting Acquainted" Quiz answers

• Write three sentence about Quantum Physics
• Quantum physics is a branch of science that deals
  with discrete, indivisible units of energy called
  quanta as described by the Quantum Theory. There
  are five main ideas represented in Quantum
  Theory
• Energy is not continuous, but comes in small but
  discrete units.
• The elementary particles behave both like
  particles and like waves.
• 4. The movement of these particles is inherently
  random.
• It is physically impossible to know both the
  position and the momentum of a particle at the
  same time. The more precisely one is known, the
  less precise the measurement of the other is.
• The atomic world is nothing like the world we
  live in.
• (courtesy http//library.thinkquest.org/3487/qp.h
  tml)

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Getting Acquainted" Quiz answers

• Write three sentence about Quantum Physics
• Quantum physics is a branch of science that deals
  with discrete, indivisible units of energy called
  quanta as described by the Quantum Theory. There
  are five main ideas represented in Quantum
  Theory
• Energy is not continuous, but comes in small but
  discrete units. 1
• The elementary particles behave both like
  particles and like waves. 2
• The movement of these particles is inherently
  random. 3
• It is physically impossible to know both the
  position and the momentum of a particle at the
  same time. The more precisely one is known, the
  less precise the measurement of the other is.4
• The atomic world is nothing like the world we
  live in. 5
• What is Electromagnetic Spectrum?
• What are Transmittance, Absorptance, and
  Reflectance?
• Why do we need remote sensing from space?
• What are the advantages of remote sensing
  technique, you feel?
• What are the disadvantages of remote sensing, you
  feel?

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Getting Acquainted" Quiz answers

• What is Electromagnetic Spectrum?
• The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all
  possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
  
• What are Transmittance, Absorptance, and
  Reflectance?
• Why do we need remote sensing from space?
• What are the advantages of remote sensing
  technique, you feel?
• Large coverage, long-duration, many variables
  observed instantaneously, etc
• What are the disadvantages of remote sensing, you
  feel?
• Uncertainties remain. For example,
• clouds/aerosol/atmosphere interruption, surface
  noise, instrument design not perfect, retrieval
  algorithm needs development, etc

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More on Quiz

• To ensure the good communication between
  professor and students, how would you feel that
  the professor is approachable?
• After each class, how many hours do you to spend
  to go over class material?

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Lets see Remote Sensing Needs and Examples
.

1. Why do we need remote sensing from space?
2. What are the advantages of remote sensing
   technique?
3. What are the disadvantages of remote sensing?

.
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MODIS Snow Observations
See this video at http//www.met.sjsu.edu/jin/vid
eo/GlobalSnow.mpg
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Advantages of MODIS snow (pervious video)

• High resolution (1km)
• High Coverage (global)
• Can assess remote regions including mountains and
  polar regions
• Continuous observations (2-per-day, 10 years)

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Fire Observation on Mountain Etna
In July 2001 Mt Etna on the island of Sicily
exploded dramatically into life.
See this video at http//www.met.sjsu.edu/jin/vid
eo/MtEtna.mpg
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Himalayas
Land cover, Elevation Surface roughness Snow
coverage Surface temperature Vegetation albedo
See this video at http//www.met.sjsu.edu/jin/vi
deo/Himalayas.mov
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Katrina
See this video at http//www.met.sjsu.edu/jin/vid
eo/katrina-visir_sm.mov
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Clouds and Aerosol

• video Aerosol-GRECE_1

See this video at http//www.met.sjsu.edu/jin/vid
eo/aerosol-GRECE_1.mov
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Concept of Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is something we do all the time!
Several of the human senses gather their
awareness of the external world almost entirely
by perceiving a variety of signals, either
emitted or reflected, actively or passively,
from objects that transmit this information in
waves or pulses.
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One World
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A formal and comprehensive definition of applied
remote sensing

• Remote Sensing in the most generally accepted
  meaning refers to instrument-based techniques
  employed in the acquisition and measurement of
  spatially organized (most commonly,
  geographically distributed) data/information on
  some property(ies) (spectral spatial physical)
  of an array of target points (pixels) within the
  sensed scene that correspond to features,
  objects, and materials, doing this by applying
  one or more recording devices not in physical,
  intimate contact with the item(s) under
  surveillance (thus at a finite distance from the
  observed target, in which the spatial arrangement
  is preserved) techniques involve amassing
  knowledge pertinent to the sensed scene (target)
  by utilizing electromagnetic radiation, force
  fields, or acoustic energy sensed by recording
  cameras, radiometers and scanners, lasers, radio
  frequency receivers, radar systems, sonar,
  thermal devices, sound detectors, seismographs,
  magnetometers, gravimeters, scintillometers, and
  other instruments.

This is a rather lengthy and all-inclusive
definition
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make a list of key words in it

• Acquisition/measurement
• data/information
• properties
• phenomenon,...
• material
• recording device
• not in contact
• measuring field
• radiation
• instruments.

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two more simplified definitions

• First
• Remote Sensing involves gathering data and
  information about the physical "world" by
  detecting and measuring signals composed of
  radiation, particles, and fields emanating from
  objects located beyond the immediate vicinity of
  the sensor device(s)
• Second

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two more simplified definitions

• Second (more related to this course)
• Remote Sensing is a technology for sampling
  electromagnetic radiation to acquire and
  interpret non-contiguous geospatial data from
  which to extract information about features,
  objects, and classes on the Earth's land surface,
  oceans, and atmosphere (and, where applicable, on
  the exteriors of other bodies in the solar
  system, or, in the broadest framework, celestial
  bodies such as stars and galaxies).

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Vertical Layers of the Lower Atmosphere
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Atmospheric Properties vs. Altitude
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This diagram for remote sensing
Radiation, EM specturm
Orbit platform
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• Electromagnetic radiation behaves in most
  circumstances as waves and can thus be
  characterized as waves.
• See http//users.humboldt.edu/rpaselk/C107.F09/C10
  7Notes/C107nLec13.html
• Labeled sine wave diagram

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thermal radiation

• All matter above absolute zero (0 Kelvin -273C
  - 459.4F) emits radiant energy in form of
  electromagnetic waves.
• The basic physical law concerning thermal
  radiation emission is the Stefan Boltzmann law,
  which states that that the heat flux emitted by
  an ideal radiator which is called a blackbody is
  proportional to the absolute temperature (in K)
  to the fourth power

3 key three additional properties of surfaces
which control the radiation heat transfer of a
surface - The absorptivity a, transmissivity T
and the reflectivity ?.
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thermal radiation (cont.)

• Real surfaces emit less radiation than the ideal
  blackbody. The ratio of actual emissive power Eb
  to the emissive power of a blackbody Eb at the
  same temperature is called the emissivity.
• Furthermore Kirchhoffs identity rule states
  that absorbtivity and emissivity are equal at the
  same wavelength.

a?e?
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Besides the sun, al other objects with
temperature gt 0 K emits radiation at their
temperatures
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Key components of Remote Sensing

• Sensor
• Object (not contiguous to sensor)
• Radiation (shortwave, infrared, microwave etc)
• Things emits energy (sun, earth surface etc)

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Class activity

Is there remote sensing here? Explain in terms
of major components
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emitted or reflected, actively or passively,

• Senor senses radiance either emitted (from earth
  surface, atmosphere) or reflected solar radiation
• Sensor can either passively receive radiance from
  the object or emit radiance to the object first
  and then receive its reflected signal

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Example of passive and active remote sensing

In this figure, which is passive and which is
active remote sensing environment
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Passive and Active Remote Sensors

• Remote sensing systems which measure energy that
  is naturally available are called Passive
  Sensors. (Sun, surface emission, etc)
• Active sensors, on the other hand, transmit short
  bursts or 'pulses' of electromagnetic energy in
  the direction of interest and record the origin
  and strength of the backscatter received from
  objects within the system's field of view.
  Passive systems sense low level microwave
  radiation given off by all objects in the natural
  environment.

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Why need remote sensing in climate change study?

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Change in surface temperature in 20th century
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Temperature is measured by therometer
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World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
http//www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html
Weather station
http//www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/ImageTra
nslational-motion.gif
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(No Transcript)
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The Land and Oceans have both warmed, but
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Earths Hydrological Cycle - Schematic

1. Evaporation, transpiration (plants)
2. Atmospheric transport (vapor)
3. Condensation (liquid water, ice)
4. Precipitation
5. Surface transport (continental rivers, aquifers
   and ocean currents)

PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring 04, lect. 1, Platnick
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Precipitation patterns have changed
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Importance of remote sensing

• Remote Sensing allows data in locations that may
  be
• inaccessible or too large for in situ approaches
• Interplanetary studies are an excellent example
  of where remote
• sensing is useful
• Sample and return missions are expensive and
  difficult
• Apollo missions were last fully successful
  sample and return missions
• (Genesis was partially successful)
• Still, remote sensing was critical even in
  those missions to determine
• where best to sample
• Meteorological applications
• Probably the clearest example with the widest
  audience and daily impact
• Meteorological satellites cover large areas
  that are inaccessible
• Can cover these areas repeatedly to look for
  changes over time
• National Defense
• Resource Mapping

56
Getting Acquainted" Quiz answers

• Write three sentence about Quantum Physics
• Quantum physics is a branch of science that deals
  with discrete, indivisible units of energy called
  quanta as described by the Quantum Theory. There
  are five main ideas represented in Quantum
  Theory
• Energy is not continuous, but comes in small but
  discrete units. 1
• The elementary particles behave both like
  particles and like waves. 2
• The movement of these particles is inherently
  random. 3
• It is physically impossible to know both the
  position and the momentum of a particle at the
  same time. The more precisely one is known, the
  less precise the measurement of the other is.4
• The atomic world is nothing like the world we
  live in. 5
• What is Electromagnetic Spectrum?
• What are Transmittance, Absorptance, and
  Reflectance?
• Why do we need remote sensing from space?
• What are the advantages of remote sensing
  technique, you feel?
• What are the disadvantages of remote sensing, you
  feel?