2/4/2015318-595

1
SUSCEPTIBILITY(IMMUNITY)

• Radiated - RF (Radio or High Frequency) Electric
  and Low Frequency Magnetic Fields
• Conducted - Voltage Pulses of varying duration
  and energies including electrostatic voltage
• Conducted - RF Voltage (high frequency voltage)
• Conducted - Unstable AC power source

2
SUSCEPTIBILITY(IMMUNITY)
Response ??

• Product Response Summary per (EN61000-6-2)
• Level (A) 1 No discernable change in product
  operation and function
• Level (B) 2 Safe effect is noted in the product
  operation or function. Effect disappears when
  stress is removed without intervention.
• Level (C) 3 Safe effect is noted in the product
  operation or function. Effect requires operator
  intervention to completely recover after stress
  is removed.
• Level (D) 4 Safe effect is noted in the product
  operation or function. Effect requires service
  intervention to completely recover when stress is
  removed. (Repair)

3
SUSCEPTIBILITY(IMMUNITY)
Criteria A

• Product Response Detail per (EN61000-6-2)
• Criteria A (Level 1) The apparatus shall
  continue to operate as intended DURING and AFTER
  the test. No degradation of performance or loss
  of function is allowed below a performance level
  specified by the Mfg when the apparatus is used
  as intended. The performance level may be
  replaced by a permissible loss of performance.
  If the minimum performance level or the
  permissible loss is NOT specified by the Mfg,
  either of these may be derived from the product
  description and documentation, and from what the
  user may reasonably expect from the apparatus if
  used as intended.

4
SUSCEPTIBILITY(IMMUNITY)
Criteria B

• Product Response Detail per (EN61000-6-2)
• Criteria B (Level 2) The apparatus shall
  continue to operate as intended AFTER the test.
  No degradation of performance or loss of function
  is allowed below a performance level specified by
  the Mfg when the apparatus is used as intended.
  The performance level may be replaced by a
  permissible loss of performance. During the
  test, degradation of performance is however
  allowed. No change of actual operating state or
  stored data is allowed. If the minimum
  performance level or the permissible loss is NOT
  specified by the Mfg, either of these may be
  derived from the product description and
  documentation, and from what the user may
  reasonably expect from the apparatus if used as
  intended.

5
SUSCEPTIBILITY(IMMUNITY)
Criteria C

• Product Response Detail per (EN61000-6-2)
• Criteria C (Level 3) Temporary loss of
  function is allowed, provided the function is
  self-recoverable or can be restored by the
  operation of the controls.

6
SUSCEPTIBILITY(IMMUNITY)

• Any response other than Level 1 requires that
  response/mode warning to be disclosed in operator
  /service manual
• Governed by many different IEC test standards in
  the IEC61000-4 series
• Most good product designs require Level 1 or 2
  responses although many products fail to meet it
  and are inadequately informing the user
• Any unsafe response to any of the series of tests
  is not allowed! (Levels 5 and higher)

7
SUSCEPTIBILITYResponses Disallowed by Rev 002
of EN60601-1-2(Example For Medical Products)
8
IEC61000-4-2

• Test Name Electro Static Discharge (ESD)
  Immunity
• Energy/Stress Electrostatic Voltage
• Simulates Real World Effect - ESD from human
  contact. Low humidity, low conductivity carpets,
  upholstery garments are contributors
• Equipment Used Electrostatic Discharge Gun

9
IEC61000-4-2

• Coupling Air Discharge, Direct Contact
  Coupling Plane Discharge
• Permutations
• Discharge points Likely points of human contact
  with product including keyboards, monitors,
  operator controls, cabinet exteriors, removable
  media drives
• Air or Spark Gap Discharge 2000 volt increments
  to 8 kV
• Direct Contact/Coupling Plane Discharge 2000
  volt increments to 6 kV
• Positive and Negative Polarities for each
  discharge point
• 10 hits per each discharge point

10
IEC61000-4-2

• Coupling Plane Discharge used for keyboard and
  mouse test

11
IEC61000-4-3

• Test Name Radiated E-Field Immunity
• Energy/Stress Radiated Electromagnetic Voltage
• Simulates Real World Effect Radiated Frequency
  signals from Cell Phones, Radios, Cell TV
  towers, CBs , PCs other various electronic
  devices
• Equipment Used
• RF Power Amplifier
• Signal Generator Capable of Modulation
• Transmitting Antenna and Isotropic Probe
• RF Power meter
• RF Directional Coupler RF Reverb Chambers

12
IEC61000-4-3 (Rev 002)

• Permutations
• Operational Modes including Imaging Modes
• 3V/M RF Electric Field
• RF Carrier is varied in 1 steps from 80Mhz to
  2.5Ghz
• Amplitude Modulation using 80 modulation factor
  _at_ 1kHz, Dwell Time (product response time)
• As many as 56 Tuner
• (Horz and Vert Reflector) steps
• which covers 80 of the room
• height and width (80-300 Mhz)

13
IEC61000-4-3 (Rev 002)

• Test Time 35 hours per operational mode using
  6 second dwell time between steps. 6
  seconds/step plus 6 second dwell time per step.
  (10,500 total steps/mode!)
• Initial testing may require longer dwell times to
  gauge product response
• Only test the modes that are absolutely
  necessary!
• Reverb chamber with mode-stirs must be
  utilized. Expensive!

Need to plan test time and mode strategy well in
advance!
14
IEC61000-4-4

• Test Name Electrical Fast Transient Burst
  (EFT)
• Energy/Stress Voltage Transients up to 2000
  Volts
• 50 nS Pulse with 5ns rise times - 400V/nS
• Simulates Real World Effect Created on public
  power lines by electrical arcs across switch
  contacts during opening of inductive loads such
  as relays, motors and other commutations
• Equipment Used Coupler, Transient Generator
  Scope
• Coupling Capacitive (I/O Cables) Direct
  Injection (Main Power Input Cables). Capacitive
  coupling is a 1 meter long cable clamp of
  parallel plates. Energy goes right through the
  cable jackets!

15
IEC61000-4-4

• Permutations
• 500 Volt Increments
• 2 Minutes/step
• Positive and Negative Pulse Polarities for each
  Increment
• AC Mains receive up to 15 injection points
• I/O Cables gt 3M length require both ends be
  tested up to 1 Kv
• Main Power Cables are tested at up to 2 Kv
  regardless of length
• Cautions Must be done in shielded room as the
  test may create a large amount of RF energy

16
IEC61000-4-4

• Electrical Fast Transient Generator with Coupling
  Circuits

17
IEC61000-4-5

• Test Name Power Input Surge Immunity
• Energy/Stress Voltage Surge Pulse
• 50 uS open-circuit voltage pulse with 1.2 uS rise
  time
• 20 uS short-circuit current pulse with 8 uS rise
  time
• Simulates Real World Effect Voltage surges
  caused by lightning discharges and switching
  disturbances in power stations
• Equipment Used Coupler, Surge Generator Scope
• Coupling Direct Injection into System Mains
  Power)

18
IEC61000-4-5

• Permutations
• Differential Coupling (Phase-Phase) to 1 kV
• Common Coupling (Phase-Ground) to 2 kV
• 500V, 1 kV, 2 kV levels
• Positive and Negative pulse polarities
• Pulses at 90o increments of 360o AC input cycle.
  Many mfgs typically test at 45o
• 5 pulses per phase angle increment
• Minimum surge rate is 1/min

19
IEC61000-4-6

• Test Name RF Conducted Immunity
• Energy/Stress Induced RF Voltage
• Simulates Real World Effect Lower frequency RF
  energy inductively coupled into system cabling
• Equipment Used Injection Probe, Coupler, Signal
  Generator, RF Amplifier, Current probe, Spectrum
  Analyzer Calibrated fixture (LISN can be used
  in place of Injection Probe)

20
IEC61000-4-6

• Coupling Inductively coupled into main power
  cables and all external I/O cables greater than 1
  meter in length
• Permutations
• Sweep Carrier frequency 150 kHz - 80 MHz in 1
  steps
• Amplitude Modulation 80 _at_ 1 kHz, 3 Vrms
• AC mains and I/O cables that are routed together
  (Within same cable tray)

21
IEC61000-4-8

• Test Name PF Magnetic Field Immunity
• Energy/Stress Power Frequency Alternating
  Magnetic Fields
• Simulates Real World Effect Magnetic fields
  generated from power distribution lines,
  switchgear, and other high-current circuits
• Equipment Used Magnetic field coil and power
  frequency variable transformer with stable
  constant current source
• (See Related standard IEC61000-2-7, Low Frequency
  Magnetic Field Environments)

22
IEC61000-4-8

• Coupling Radiated, No Attachments
• Permutations
• Excite three product axis
• Horizontal Left-Right (X)
• Horizontal Front-Back (Y)
• Vertical (Z)
• 3 Amps/Meter field (37 mG) using 50 or 60 Hz
  source
• Cautions Very difficult to get equipment
  immersed in the field (Bulky Coil)
• Cautions Example shown - Coil Frame is 10ft
  height X 11ft width, and is very difficult to
  position. Equipment setup needs to accommodate
  insertion of bucky coil frame on wheels

23
IEC 61000-4-11

• Name Voltage Dip, Short Dropout Variation
  Immunity
• Energy/Stress AC Voltage degradations (Power
  Brownout) and Voltage Dropouts
• Simulates Real World Effect Varying loads on AC
  power lines cause changes in the line voltage.
• Equipment Used Mains power disconnect switch and
  amplifier for products with line current
  lt16Amps/phase

24
IEC 61000-4-11

• Permutations Drop out each phase of AC mains
  power individually
• 5 second dropout regardless of current load
• 4 test conditions with rated line current
• of I-phase lt 16 Amps
• 100 dropout for 0.5 cycle
• 40 Vnom for 5 cycles
• 70 Vnom for 25 cycles
• 100 dropout for 5 seconds

25
Standards Summary
US/FCC 47 CFR 15 - Radio Frequency Devices
47 CFR 18 - Industrial Scientific and Medical
Equipment IEC 60601-1-2 Electromagnetic
compatibility - Requirements and tests 61000-3-2
EMC Part 3 Limits - Section 2 Limitation of
harmonics in low-voltage supplies lt16A 61000-3-3
EMC Part 3 Limits - Section 3 Limitation of
voltage fluctuations and flicker in low-voltage
supplies lt16A 61000-3-5 EMC Part 3 Limits -
Section 5 Limitation of voltage fluctuations and
flicker in low-voltage supplies gt16A 61000-4-1
EMC Part 4 Test/measurement techniques - Section
1 Overview of immunity tests 61000-4-2 EMC Part
4 Test/measurement techniques - Section 2 ESD
immunity tests 61000-4-3 EMC Part 4
Test/measurement techniques - Section 3 Radiated
radiofrequency immunity tests 61000-4-4 EMC Part
4 Test/measurement techniques - Section 4
Electrical fast transient/burst immunity tests
61000-4-5 EMC Part 4 Test/measurement
techniques - Section 5 Surge immunity tests
61000-4-6 EMC Part 4 Test/measurement
techniques - Section 6 Conducted radiofrequency
immunity tests 61000-4-7 EMC Part 4
Test/measurement techniques - Section 7 General
guide on harmonics measurement and instrum.
61000-4-8 EMC Part 4 Test/measurement
techniques - Section 8 Power frequency magnetic
field immunity tests 61000-4-9 EMC Part 4 Test/
measurement techniques - Section 9 Pulsed
magnetic field immunity tests 61000-4-10 EMC
Part 4 Test/measurement techniques - Section 10
Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity tests
61000-4-11 EMC Part 4 Test/measurement
techniques - Section 11 Voltage dips, short
interruptions and variations CISPR 11 Limits
and methods of measurement for Industrial,
Scientific and Medical Equipment 16
Specifications for Radio Interference Measuring
Apparatus and Measurement Methods 22 Limits and
Methods of Measurements of Radio Interference of
Information Technology Equipment
26
Standards Limits and Guidelines Summary
27
Standards Limits and Guidelines Summary
28
Test Plan Basics Tests X Operating Modes Test
Time

• Define System/Subsystem to be Tested
• Catalog/BOM/Revision incl Accessories
• List of Devices using external Cables
• List of External cable interconnects (MIS)
• List of Clocks within all Devices under test
• Operating modes of interest
• Table of Tests versus Modes ( Time!)
• Define all applicable EMC tests
• Table of operating modes per EMC test
• Define Type of Test
• Certification, Engineering, Audit
• Define System/Subsystem Layout
• Layouts (footprints) for OATS, Reverb Chamber,
  Screen Room

29
Basic Counter Measures

• Circuit Designs
• If possible minimize the number of asynchronous
  clocks
• Minimize the edge rate transition of digital
  signals, terminations
• Minimize signal loop areas/impedances, use ground
  planes or parallel runs for signal returns
• Cabling
• Ext signal cables fully shielded using 360o
  terminations, grounded
• Grounded-Shielded connectors on signal cable
  bulkheads
• Ferrites used on cables near high level, high
  frequency emissions
• Enclosures
• Electronics in shielded enclosures with minimal
  slot dimensions
• No floating metal, grounded, shield with minimal
  leakage current
• Main Power Inputs
• Employ Line filter, Isolation Transformer or
  Surge Supression Devices
• Keep unfiltered input wires away from filtered
  distribution wires

30
Cable Shielding Termination Autopsy Examples
2 sided non-conductive tape