MAX WEBER

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MAX WEBER

• Authority
• Bureaucracy

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The Leaders!
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What they have in common?

• They (Jesus, a professor or a scientists, a Queen
  or King, slave traders) are leaders in the sense
  that they issue commands and others follow their
  commands.

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Power and Authority

• Only in the extreme case of slavery there is no
  free compliance. (Power)
• Commands are obeyed by a certain group out of
  voluntary compliance. (Authority)

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Interest in Obedience

• voluntary compliance implies that people obey
  because they have some sort of interest in
  obedience.

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These interests may include

1. material interest (salary, economic status, etc.)
2. custom

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A reliable social order

• These two factors (material Interests and
  Custom), do not, even taken together, form a
  sufficiently reliable basis for a social order.

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The belief in legitimacy

• This is the additional and decisive factor
• people find the given commands (laws, policies)
  to be valid.

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Validity of commands

• they constitute the basis of action for its own
  sake (not for self interest or other
  consequences).

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Three types of legitimate authority

• Based on their validity
• 1. Traditional
• 2. Legal-Rational
• 3. Charismatic

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1. Traditional Authority

• For example the Queen was the supreme authority
  in both England and Canada

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Traditional grounds

• belief in the sanctity of traditions
• Basis of the legitimacy of traditional authority.
  

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The Ruler

• Designated according to traditionally transmitted
  rules
• (such as kings and queens designated according to
  the royal kinship).

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The object of obedience

• The personal authority of the individual
• What is obeyed is the person in authority

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The Ruled

• subjects
• follow the person in the authority status

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2. Legal-Rational Authority

• For example the authority of the Prime Minister
  in Canada or of the professors at the university.
  
• They are elected or appointed on the basis of
  the legally established rules.

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The Basis of legitimacy Legality

• a belief in the 'legality' of enacted rules

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The Basis of legitimacy Rationality

• enacted through rational discussion and
  deliberation and thus subject to change
• Consistent and logical (not contradictory and
  conflicting laws)

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An example Parents

• Traditional
• When parents say because I said so!
• They rely on the traditional idea of parental
  authority

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Legal-rational model of parenting

• parents negotiate the rules with children and let
  the rules and not merely the parental authority
  govern parent-child relationship

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The rules

• a consistent system of law rationally enacted
• Constitution ? laws (parliament ? government,
  et.)

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The ruler

• Is subject to an impersonal order (the rule of
  law where the ruler is not beyond the law)

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The Rule of Law

• in free countries the law ought to be king and
  there ought to be no other.
• It is on the basis of these rules or procedures
  that those elevated to authority attain the
  right to issue commands.

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The ruled

• a member of the group
• Equal Status
• (Citizens and not subjects, disciples or
  follower.)
• owe the obedience not to the person in authority
  as an individual, but to the impersonal order.

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3. Charismatic Authority

• For example the historical figures such as
  Gandhi, Lenin, Khomeini, or famous actors,
  singers etc.
• Their followers believed they had exceptional
  and extraordinary qualities and thus obey the
  orders given by them.

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Devotion to the charismatic Leader (emotional)
The commands and orders are obeyed
Belief in the exceptional and extraordinary
qualities of the leader (charisma)
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Bureaucracy

• The purest type of exercise of legal rational
  authority

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Technocracy

• Domination on the basis of technical
  qualifications and the greatest possible length
  of technical training.

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A spirit of formalistic impersonality

• without hatred or passion, and hence without
  affection or enthusiasm and without purely
  personal, irrational, and emotional elements
  which escape calculation.

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The machine work

• depends on its impersonality.
• Because it eliminates the essential aspects of
  humanity, bureaucracy is dehumanizing .

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Efficiency

• Bureaucracy is the most efficient form of
  organizing the public affairs.

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The Files

• The management of the modern office is based upon
  written documents ('the files').
• Impersonal independent of the persons working in
  the office (e.g. independent of personal oral
  communication in issuing policies, plans, etc.)

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The Centrality of Bureaucracy

• The expansion of Bureaucratization was linked to
  the following four factors

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1. The expansion of Nation- State

• Into new areas of welfare provision and economic
  regulation

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2. The capitalist enterprises

• The growing employment of clerical,
  technical and managerial personnel within the
  capitalist enterprises

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3. Democratization
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4. rationalization
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The Dialectic OF BUREAUCRACY

• Bureaucracy creates conflicting tendencies by
  promoting and at the same time restricting
• Individual freedom
• Democracy

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1. Individual Freedom

• Promotes personal freedom
• People are freed from
• the old forms of personal relations and ties of
  loyalty (kinship, gender, race)
• property and other external considerations (the
  class)

• Restricts individual freedom
• 1. The size of organizations beyond the reach of
  individual.
• 2. Eliminates individuals chance to act out of
  their conviction and Passion

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2. Democracy

• Promotes Democracy
• Breaking down traditional privilege and
  patrimonial domination (as explained above).

• Restricts Democracy
• due to the power of experts (the appointed
  bureaucrats) to obstruct the power of the head of
  the bureaucracy (i.e. the democratically elected
  prime ministers, premiers, et.)

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The Leadership Challenge

• Todays entrepreneur or political leader
• Follow the logic of possible means over the
  assertion of ends

• Ideal entrepreneur or political leader
• the innovative, risk-taking who acts with passion
  and conviction.

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Bureaucracy is indestructible!

• Because of its
• ability to coordinate action over a large area,
• continuity of operation,
• monopoly of expertise and control of the files,
• internal social cohesion and morale.

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The socialist illusion

• The Marxist belief that the overthrow of
  capitalism would inaugurate the classless society
  

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Socialism an enormous bureaucracy

• This is caused by
• 1. The state ownership of the means of production
  and Planned Economy

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• 2. The extension of equal citizenship
• citizens in socialist systems expect the
  government to provide employment, health care,
  education, housing, etc.

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3. The loss of pluralism

• The countervailing power structures that existed
  within capitalist society, in particular that of
  private capitalism itself, would be removed.

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• Webers prediction that the revolution had thrown
  up a new bureaucratic ruling class, coordinated
  and disciplined by the institution of the
  Communist Party soon became a commonplace.