Socially and Culturally Sensitive Communication

1
Socially and Culturally Sensitive
Communication D.Parthasarathy
2

• Use of sensitive language is necessary whether
  you become
• Academic
• Researcher / scientist
• Engineer
• Manager
• Government official

• Communication in different contexts
• Publication
• Seminars
• Colleagues / fellow workers
• Partners / collaborators
• Customers / clients

3
Man does many things to stop soil from
eroding. He tries to conserve or protect the
soil. Man cannot do much about stopping an
earthquake or flood. Man plants trees and bushes
to act as barriers against the force of wind. Man
improves the quality of soil by manures and
fertilizers
If we do not enable the child to enjoy formal
education in the school and constant informal
education outside school (including at home), we
would be depriving the child her fundamental
right. Each citizen of this country must hold
himself / herself responsible for primary
education. Azim Premji
4
Written and spoken language should be culturally
sensitive, unbiased, simple, concise, concrete,
and vivid  Social and Cultural Sensitivity A
conscious attempt to be considerate of cultural
beliefs, norms, or traditions that are different
from ones own Forms of communication that are
not offensive, and considerate of others
position o status in life Communication should
be inclusive rather than exclusive should not
reflect existing societal biases
5
Biased language Language that relies on
unfounded assumptions, negative descriptions, or
stereotypes of a given groups age, class,
gender, or geographic, ethnic, racial, or
religious characteristics also includes language
that is sexist, or ageist Sexist Pronouns The
exclusive use of he, she, him, her, when talking
about both men and women
6

• Importance of being sensitive in communication
• Plain Wrong
• Unprofessional
• Unethical
• Diversity as good for business
• Fierce global competition - people of various
  cultures and nationalities are customers,
  competitors, employees
• Enriched business decisions, new markets - teams
  with a mixture of gender, racial and ethnic
  backgrounds produce multidimensional and
  innovative decisions
• Recruiting advantage and talent

"In order to ensure that we are competitive with
anyone in the global marketplace, we have to be
sure that we're getting the best help we can. If
you exclude any particular group, by gender,
race, or religion, you would be excluding the
person who's going to discover the next
blockbuster product or someone who can contribute
in another meaningful way in marketing,
engineering, or elsewhere."
7
AlCOA, American Cyanamid, ATT Bell Laboratories,
Corning Inc., Dow Chemical Company, DuPont,
Hewlett Packard Company, IBM Corporation, ICI
Americas Inc., Intel, Microsoft, NCR, Polaroid
Foundation, Union Carbide Corporation, United
Technologies, Westinghouse, Weyerhaeuser,
Advanced Micro Devices, Eastman Kodak, Lockheed
Martin Control Systems, Microsoft, Mobil,
Polaroid Foundation, Primex, GDE Systems, Phillip
Morris Companies, Northrup Grumman, Westinghouse,
Xerox, Unilever
329170 Security Update (Windows 2000) Download
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tighter ones on someone else's. Network
administrators can help eliminate this issue by
installing this update.
8
Learning to work with diversity in a globalizing
world
9

• How does the course benefit?
• Better and more effective communication
• More professional and growth opportunities
• Address equity and diversity problems in a
  meaningful way

10
What are gender and diversity issues?
Problematized relations between men and women and
people of different class, national,
occupational, educational, ethic, racial,
linguistic, or religious backgroundsEnlightment
idea of equality equal worth of each individual.
A structural way of seeing the relation between
sexes and between groups that requires a certain
amount of consciousness
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By being more aware of the words that you use,
what you're actually doing is building rapport
with the other person, acknowledging their point
of view and creating an environment of mutual
respect. A great way to do business. Random
House Webster's College Dictionary guiding
people in the avoidance of offensive terms,
inclusion in the 1991 edition (and all subsequent
editions) of an essay on Avoiding Insensitive and
Offensive Language created new usage notes and
more strongly worded labels for over 300
offensive terms, and replaced traditional
definitions with usage-style definitions that
avoid equating the term with the person.

• Professional bodies and journals IEEE
• Using gender-neutral language more than just
  'political correctness.
• good academic or technical writing always
  communicates without ambiguity.
• Calling attention to gender, ethnicity, religion,
  etc.) when not specifically appropriate for the
  situation will take the focus off your message
  and dilute its effectiveness

12
A senior executive of a popular cereal company,
in his zeal to sell his product and compete with
the traditional Indian breakfast, is reported to
have stated Indian breakfasts are fatty and
inferior. Needless to say, this attracted
significant negative attention in the media
hurting sales
Union carbide Indian lives are not worth as much
as the lives of others. The price is worth
paying. Collateral Damage
13
Linking an individual salesperson's total
compensation with the amount of money he saves
his customers is a strategy that has begun paying
dividends for Gupta Industrial Supply
14
The history of business enterprise is filled with
heroes and villains. The world has a new villain
on which to pour disdain the global
pharmaceutical industry, usually known as Big
Pharma. Its sin is the generation of profits from
the discovery, manufacture and sale of products
that treat the plethora of ills that befall
mankind Biotech and the pharmaceutical
industry Back to the future OECD
J. Graham, R.W. Langley, A. M. Balboa, C.M.
Bradshaw, and E. SzabadiEffects of ketanserin
and haloperidol on prepulse inhibition of the
acoustic startle (eyeblink) response and the
N1/P2 auditory evoked response in manJ
Psychopharmacol, Mar 2002 16 15 - 22.
Usual argument "mankind" is merely a generic
term and theres something wrong with you if you
get offended by it. What if all people were
consistently referred to as "womankind?"
Humanity," makes everyone feel included.
15
Language can, intentionally or not, cause offense
or perpetuate discriminatory values and practices
by emphasizing the differences between people or
implying that one group is superior to another
Be aware of the possible consequences of the
words they choose. Before looking at the words
themselves, it is important to note that
offensive or insensitive speech is not limited to
a specific group of words. One can be hurtful
and insulting by using any type of vocabulary, if
that is one's intent. In most cases it is easy
to avoid blatantly offensive slurs and comments,
but more subtle bias are an inherent part of our
language or a habit of a lifetime and are much
harder to change.
16

• Professional bodies and journals IEEE
• NCERT guidelines for educational material
  textbooks and software
• Ensure that
• The content is free of caste, creed, religion and
  other stereotypes
•  
• 1       Certain groups may be over-represented at
  the expense of limiting others
• 2       Some groups may be portrayed in terms
  that are indicative of untrue generalizations
  about the characteristics of that group.

Amartya Sen Times Of India Editorials
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Insensitive use of language can send
discriminatory or negative messages to other
people can affect learning, self-esteem, and
career choices In a business environment,
interactions with co-workers and relationship
with clients can be affected So need for some
general guidelines for using written and spoken
language that are diversity- and culture sensitive

• Gender
• Scientific communications (articles,
  presentations, etc.) should be free of implied or
  irrelevant evaluation of the sexes
• Sexist communication is not logical or accurate
• Some adjectives connote bias e.g., ambitious men
  and aggressive women
• Some signify that gender in some way makes a
  difference e.g., male secretary, female manager

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Race, Ethnicity and National Origin Styles and
preferences for words referring to ethnic and
racial groups change over time Sometimes even
members of a group disagree about the preferred
name at a specific time Ask/learn the most
acceptable current terms and use them In
graphics, photos and examples, show people from
all racial and ethnic backgrounds.
Disabilities A person is not a condition Place
the person before the disability Use "person
with a disability" rather than "disabled/handicapp
ed person." Age Older people are human beings
too Younger people may be mature
19
Use Language to Build Credibility  Language
usage builds or destroys trust By being
appropriate, accurate, and showing conviction for
your topic, you demonstrate trustworthiness
20

• Communication of all types ought to
• Encourage creative and Critical Thinking
• Consider audiences information needs
• Consider Audience's Technical Background
• Consider Audience's Cultural Background and
  Gender
• Consider Audience's Knowledge of the Subject

21
What is effective communication?
22

• Consider the possibility of communication failure
• Expect audience resistance
• Recognize communication constraints
• Legal, social economic, psychological,
  institutional

23

• Support Your Claims in a convincing manner
• Appeal to Common Goals and Values

All these can be best achieved if one is aware of
gender and diversity issues in the work place
(fellow workers and researchers) in dealing
with clients and collaborators, and in
interacting with donors and government officials
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Gender neutral and gender aware terms
Generic terms" such as mankind, chairman and man
are not interpreted as referring to both men and
women. Research shows that these male-based terms
cause people to think not of females and males,
but just of males. EXAMPLE Two graduate classes
were asked to sketch designs for the cover of a
new book their professor had completed. The first
class was asked to sketch for a book entitled
Urban Man. The results were sketches of men in
urban settings. The second class was asked to
draw a cover for a book entitled Urban Life. They
drew sketches of people of both sexes and all
ages.
25

• Language and communication
• Monitor language and materials - gender sensitive
• Gender inclusive terms or non-gender specific
  terms
• Use of examples - all can empathise with
• Avoid generalizations
• Consensus versus debate discussion, debate,
  collaborative learning, consensus building

Avoid gender-specific phrasing Use "Employees
should read their packets carefully," and not
"Each employee should read his packet carefully."
Or use pronoun pairs "Each employee should
read his or her packet carefully." (Sometimes,
revert the order "he/she" can be "she/he" or "he
or she" can be "she or he.") Or avoid use of
pronouns altogether "Each employee should read
the packet carefully."
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Practice of using he and man as generic terms
poses a common problem He and man used
generically can mislead the audience Research
shows that average reader's tendency is to
imagine a male when reading he or man, even if
the rest of the passage is gender-neutral Therefor
e, you cannot be sure that your reader will see
the woman on the job if you refer to every
technician as he, or that your reader will see
the woman in the history of man. In scientific
and technical writing, any ambiguity is
unacceptable.
PROBLEM By using he, his, or him as a generic
pronoun when the referent's gender is unknown or
irrelevant, the writer misrepresents the species
as male Solution 1 Write the sentence without
pronouns. Avoid conditional structures, generally
introduced by "if" or "when," which often require
the use of pronouns. Original If the
researcher is the principal investigator, he
should place an asterisk after his
name Gender-fair Place an asterisk after the
name of the principal investigator
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Solution 2 Use gender-specific pronouns only to
identify a specific gender or a specific
person Original Repeat the question for each
subject so that he understands it. Gender-fair
Repeat the question for each male subject so that
he fully understands it. Solution 3 Use plural
nouns and pronouns if they do not change the
meaning of the sentence. Original Repeat the
question for each subject so that he understands
it. Gender-fair Repeat the question for all
subjects so that they understand it.
Solution 4 Original The driver should take his
completed registration form to the clerk's window
and pay his license fee Gender-fair You should
take your completed registration form to the
clerk's window and pay your license fee Original
The principal investigator for this report has
appended data tables to his summary.
Gender-fair I have appended data tables to the
summary of this report.
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Solution 5 Use a double pronoun, i.e. s/he, he
or she, he/she, him and her Original Each
supervisor will be at his workstation by 8
a.m Gender-fair Each supervisor will be at his
or her workstation by 8 a.m Solution 6 Use an
article instead of a possessive pronoun as a
modifier. Original After filling out his class
schedule, the student should place it in the
registrar's basket Gender-fair After filling out
a class schedule, the student should place it in
the registrar's basket
Solution 7 Sparingly use the passive voice.
Original If a student wishes to avoid sex bias
in his writing, he should examine these
alternatives. Gender-fair These alternatives
should be examined by any student who wishes to
avoid sex bias in writing.
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PROBLEM By using man as a generic noun to
represent groups that include women, the writer
misrepresents the species as male. Solution 1
Use human, person, mortal, and their variations
humankind, humanity, human beings, human race,
and people. Original The effect of PCBs has
been studied extensively in rats and man.
Gender-fair The effect of PCBs has been studied
extensively in rats and humans. Solution 2 Use
a more descriptive or inclusive compound word
workmen's workers' man-sized sizable,
adult-sized chairman, chairwoman chair,
chairperson, presider, convener. Original The
governor signed the workmen's compensation bill.
Gender-fair The governor signed the workers'
compensation bill.

• US Constitution states that " . . . all men are
  created equal . . ."
• She / He
• S/he
• She or He
• Amartya Sen, TOI Editorials

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Replacing the pronoun he Like man, the generic
use of he can be seen to exclude women. 1.
Avoid This When a driver approaches a red
light, he must prepare to stop. Use This
Instead When drivers approach a red light, they
must prepare to stop. 2. Avoid This When a
driver approaches a red light, he or she must
prepare to stop. Use This Instead When
approaching a red light, a driver must prepare to
stop.
Naura Syria Carapeto FerreiraEducation
Technology and the Professional in Brazil His or
Her Formation and the Possibility of Human
CultureBulletin of Science Technology Society,
Jun 1999 19 206 209
31
Naura Syria Carapeto FerreiraEducation
Technology and the Professional in Brazil His or
Her Formation and the Possibility of Human
CultureBulletin of Science Technology Society,
Jun 1999 19 206 209 Rough estimates show
that (a) private consulting represents 10 -15
of total manpower devoted to direct farmer
advice Replace with human resources
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gendered noun Man, mankind, man-made, common man,
man to man, chairman, policeman, steward,
stewardess, man in the street / common man, Dear
Sir gender-neutral noun person, individual,
people, human beings, humanity, machine-made,
synthetic, the average (or ordinary) person, to
staff, chair, chairperson, coordinator, police
officer, flight attendant, lay person / ordinary
person/ common person, Dear Sir or Madam, Dear
Editor, Dear Service Representative, To Whom it
May Concern
33
(No Transcript)
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Using gender-neutral terms for occupations,
positions, roles, Terms that specify a particular
sex can unnecessarily perpetuate certain
stereotypes when used generically. Avoid This
Use Use This Instead anchorman anchor
businessman businessperson, executive,
manager, business owner, retailer, etc.
chairman chair, chairperson fireman
firefighter forefather ancestor housewife
homemaker layman layperson, nonspecialist,
nonprofessional postman mail or letter carrier
policeman police officer or law enforcement
officer salesman, saleswoman, salesperson,
sales representative, sales associate, salesgirl
spokesman spokesperson, stewardess, steward
flight attendant workman worker
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Examples of phrasing Ambiguity
Examples of phrasing Ambiguity
Example Alternative Comment
Mans search for knowledge has led him to improve scientific methodology. The search for knowledge has led us to improve scientific methodology. People have continually sought knowledge. The search has led them, etc. The search for knowledge has led to improvements in scientific methodology. Rephrased, using first person. Rewritten in two sentences. Rephrased, leaving the agent implicit.
The use of experiments in psychology presupposes the mechanistic nature of mechanistic nature of man The use of experiments in psychology presupposes the .. the human being Noun substituted.
Man, mankind people, humanity, human beings, humankind, the human species, the human race, we, ourselves, men and women, homo sapiens, In this group of examples a variety of terms may be substituted.
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man's achievements human achievements, achievements of the human species, achievements of our ancestors
the average man, man in the street the average person/individual, people in general,
primitive man primitive people or peoples, primitive human beings, primitive men and women
to man (a project, etc.) to staff (a project), hire personnel, employ staff, operate, run, administer
37
Example Alternative Comment
manfully valiantly
committee of wise men committee/panel of counsellors, eminent persons, advisory pane1
History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind' History of Humanity'
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Manpower staff, labour, work force, employees, personnel, workers, human resources, human power, human energy
man-made artificial, synthetic, manufactured, origin, of human The appropriate term will depend on the construction, context Avoid man-made unless males alone induced, technogenic, machine-made are involved).
Brotherhood of man human fellowship, human kinship, solidarity,
Brotherly comradely, friendly, co-operative
man and wife husband and wife, wife and husband
39
businessman business manager, executive, head of firm, agent, representative, business community, business people The appropriate term will depend on the context. Existing titles of programmes, documents, etc. cannot as a rule be changed, but it is advisable to avoid generic man in new titles.
40
Example Alternative
cameraman photographer, camera operator (pl.) camera crew
caveman cave dweller
chairman chairperson, chair, president, presiding officer
Craftsman, craftsmanship Craftworker, artisan, craftsperson craftspeople craft, craft skills designer
fellow countryman compatriot
41
fireman fire-fighter
foreman fire crew, fire brigade supervisor, superintendent
gentleman's agreement honourable agreement
layman layperson, non-specialist, non-professional, novice
policeman/men police officer, or (pl.) just police.
42
Example Alternative Comment
salesman/girl Salesperson, shop assistant, sales assistant, shop worker
spokesman Spokesperson, representative, official.
sportsman Sportsperson, athlete, sportsman/sportswoman
43
statesman statesmanship political leader, stateswoman (where appropriate), public servant, Statecraft Use spokesman or spokeswoman when a specific person is intended. Use non gender-specific term when reference is ndeterminate, i.e. to post or function.
workmanlike serviceable, well-made, well executed, skilful
44
Examples of phrasing Stereotyping
Example Alternative Comment
Research scientists often neglect their wives and children. Research scientists often neglect their families. Whether they do cari be made clear by the context. Alternative wording acknowledges that women as well as men are research scientists.
4. Transport Will be provided for delegates and their wives. Transport Will be provided for delegates and their spouses or persons accompanying them.
45
Example Alternative Comment
The survey shows that Americans of higher status are less likely to have fat wives. The survey shows that American men of higher status are less likely to have fat wives.
46
Ambitious men but aggressive woman cautious men but timid women outspoken men but strident/shrill women emotional men but hysterical women ambitious individuals aggressive individuals, people, timid people or individuals outspoken individuals, strident/shrill men, women, people, individuals, emotional men, women, people, individuals
Forefathers ancestors, forebears founders
Woman driver, scientist Driver, scientist
47
Examples of phrasing Titles and forms of address
Example Alternative Comment
Mr and Mrs Narayanamurthy Narayana Murthy ans Sudha Murthy, Mr. And Ms Murthy In the example the wife's identity has been wholly absorbed by her husband's.
Miss, Mrs Ms A woman's marital status is often irrelevant to the matter in hand (participation in a meeting, etc.) and there is no masculine equivalent of Miss/Mrs.
48
Examples from journals The variances of these two
effects are additive. To see this, let t(o) be
the random delay time of a driver characterized
by a set of random parameters o, let r(o) be his
expected delay, and let i be the expected delay
to an arbitrary driver, The practical
implication of this is that a given driver could
behave inconsistently, i.e. he could accept a gap
shorter than one that he might previously have
rejected. Transportation Research
On the use of anthracite in Blacksmiths' shops,
Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 10,
Issue 3, September 1830, Pages 198-201, G.
Jones Anthracite will heat a bat in one half the
time that is requisite for charcoal, and until
the blacksmith is familiar with its use, the
heating process must be closely observed, or the
iron will be burnt, before he thinks that it has
been sufficiently heated.
49
Race, Ethnicity, and National Origin Words and
phrases that refer to racial and ethnic groups
may be offensive. Eg. Oriental, colored, are
outdated or inaccurate. Avoid This Use This
Instead Negro, colored, Afro-American black,
African-American (generally preferred to
Afro-American) Oriental, Asiatic Asian or more
specific designation such as Pacific
Islander, Chinese American, Korean Indian,
refers to people who live in or come from
India. Aborigines Natives native (n.) native
peoples, early inhabitants, aboriginal
peoples
50
Styles and preferences for words referring to
ethnic and racial groups change over time
Sometimes even members of a group disagree
about the preferred name at a specific
time Ask/learn the most acceptable current terms
and use them
51
Asian, Asian American Talking about those of
Asian origin Is your reference really about all
Asians or only about East Asians and/or Southeast
Asians? Asian Crisis Asian are doing
extremely well
52
Asian, Asian American Those of Asian origin Is
your reference about all Asians or only about
East Asians and/or Southeast Asians? Asian
Crisis Why Indians and Indian economists felt
insulted
No place for vagueness may point to ones
ignorance ICTs, e-learning, and simulations
bringing knowledge-intensive management to Asian
agriculture
It pays to be precise The Green Revolution
transformed Indian Agriculture Helps avoid
policy blindness
53
Respectful and acceptable references to
groups Scheduled Castes and Tribes in
India Dalit (capitalized) More respectful and
current term for castes once called
"untouchables. (Earlier term Harijan) Never
reduce people to abbreviations (SC, ST,
Bimaru) X A random sample was then selected,
making sure that SC/ST, agricultural labourers
and women were represented in it. v
About 19 of its population belongs to scheduled
castes (SCs) and scheduled tribes (STs), which is
lower than the state average (22).
54
Slurs Racist, Ethnic or class State of mind or
cultural reference point Pariah and
Pundit Offshore Pariahs? Small Island Economies,
Tax Havens, and the Re-configuration of Global
Finance, World Development, Volume 30, Issue 9,
September 2002, Pages 1657-1673
Ask the PunditDo you have any questions about
the election? Just shoot, and our experts and
experienced reporters will answer them.
55
Slurs Some words commonly used to describe a
community that are considered offensive. Avoid
inflammatory language that may incite anger in
the audience Madrasi
56
Age Changing Concept of aging people are
living longer and more active lives Older people
are human beings too Some word choices may
reinforce stereotypes decrepit, senile Avoid
mentioning age unless it is relevant Avoid This
Use This Instead elderly, aged, old,
geriatric, the elderly, the aged older
person, senior citizen(s), older
people, seniors
57
Disability Avoiding Depersonalization of Persons
with Disabilities or Illnesses Terminology that
emphasizes the person rather than the disability
is generally preferred Handicap is used to
refer to the environmental barrier that affects
the person (Stairs handicap a person who uses a
wheelchair.) crazy, demented, and insane
used in facetious (silly, stupid) or informal
contexts not used to describe people with
clinical diagnoses of mental illness
58
Place the person before the disability Use
"person with a disability" rather than "disabled
/ handicapped person." A person is not a
condition
59
Challenged, differently abled, and special are
preferred by some people, but are often ridiculed
and are best avoided
Hans PetersPretherapy A Client-Centered/Experien
tial Approach to Mentally Handicapped
PeopleJournal of Humanistic Psychology, Oct
1999 39 8 - 29.
Andy StevensCloser to Home A Critique of
British Government Policy towards Accommodating
Learning Disabled People in Their Own
HomesCritical Social Policy, May 2004 24 233 -
254.
60
James M. Bebko and Christina RicciutiExecutive
functioning and memory strategy use in children
with autism The influence of task constraints on
spontaneous rehearsalAutism, Sep 2000 4 299 -
320.
61
Avoid This Use This Instead Mongoloid
person with Down syndrome wheelchair-bound
person who uses a wheelchair AIDS sufferer,
person afflicted with AIDS, AIDS victim
person living with AIDS, P.W.A., HIV,
(one who tests positive for HIV but does
not show symptoms of AIDS) polio victim
has/had polio, the handicapped, the
disabled, crippled persons with
disabilities or person who uses crutches or
more specific description deaf-mute, deaf and
dumb, deaf person
62
Avoiding Patronizing or Demeaning Expressions
Expressions which can offend, regardless of
intention. References to age, sex, religion,
race, and the like should only be included if
they are relevant. Avoid This Use This
Instead girls (when referring to adult women),
women, single woman, the fair sex, old maid,
bachelorette, spinster woman, divorced woman
(but only if one would specify
"divorced man" in the same context) boy
(when referring to or addressing an
adult man) man, sir
63
Avoiding Language That Excludes or Unnecessarily
Emphasizes Differences References to age, sex,
religion, race, and the like should be included
only if they are relevant Avoid This Use
This Instead lawyers and their wives lawyers
and their spouses a secretary and her boss a
secretary and boss, a secretary and his or
her boss the male nurse the nurse Muslim /
Hindu man denies riot charge Man denies assault
charge the articulate black / dalit student
the articulate student Marie Curie was a great
woman scientist Marie Curie was a great
scientist
64
Guess the Occupation of these two persons
65
Stereotypical traits of a scientist1) lab coat
2) eyeglasses 3) facial hair 4) large amounts of
hair on head 5) symbols of research scientific
equipment, laboratory instruments 6) pens in the
pocket 7) male.
In Communication guard against stereotypes.
Appearances dont always match the content.
66

• Checklist
• To ensure that you've used gender savvy and
  culturally sensitive language in your piece of
  writing, try asking yourself the following
  questions
• Have you used "man" or "men" or words containing
  one of them to refer to people who may be female?
  If so, consider substituting another word.
• If you have mentioned someone's gender, was it
  necessary to do so? Do you use any occupational
  stereotypes? Watch for the use of female pronouns
  for nurses and male ones for scientists.
• Do you use language that in any way shows a lack
  of respect for either sex?
• Have you used "he," "him," "his," or "himself" to
  refer to people who may be female?
• Have you used any word / term that may be
  insensitive to certain groups or communities?

67

• Use culturally sensitive language in oral and
  written communication
• Writing and speaking for the Ear
• Using Language to Share Meaning
• Using Language to Build Credibility
• Using Language to Create a Lasting Impression 

• Proper language usage builds trust and
  credibility
• Be appropriate, accurate, and show conviction for
  your topic

68
Make a conscious attempt to be considerate of
cultural beliefs, norms, or traditions that are
different from ones own Be sensitive to the
feelings and requirements of others Be aware of
differences, diversity, hierarchy and issues of
equity and justice
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