Coaching: The Art and the Science

1
Coaching The Art and the Science

• It is not enough to have a good mind. The main
  thing is to use it well.
• ( Rene Descartes)

2
Canadian Sports Participation

• Participation rates decline!(Statistics Canada,
  2008)
• 1992 45 of Canadians participated
• 1998 34 of Canadians participated
• 2005 28 of Canadians participated
• 9.6 million in 1992
• 7.3 million in 2005

3
Why is participation important?

• Quality of Life
• Reducing number of inactive Canadians by 10
  would result in a saving of 5 billion in health
  care spending.
• (Katzmarczek, 2001)

4
Likelihood of Participation

• Parent participation in amateur sport increases
  likelihood of children participation.
• Youth participation in amateur sport increases
  likelihood of continued participation as adults
  (Sport Canada Survey, 1998)

5
Canadian Sports Participation

• Decrease across all ages!(Statistics Canada,
  2008)
• 15-18 77 in 1992 to 59 in 2005
• 19-24 61 in 1992 to 43 in 2005
• 25-34 53 in 1992 to 31 in 2005
• 55 25 in 1992 to 17 in 2005

6
Canadian Sports Participation

• Men more active than women but gap narrows
• 1998 43 of men and 26 of women participated
• 2005 36 of men and 21 of women participated
• Education a factor
• high school diploma or less - 25 participated
• post secondary diploma - 30 participated
• university degree - 33 participated

7
Canadian Sports Participation

• Immigrants participate less
• Canadian born
• 30 participation rate
• Recent immigrants
• 27 participation rate
• Pre 1990 immigrants
• 19 participation rate

8
Childrens Participation

• Sport of choice?
• Soccer sport of choice for children 5 to 14
• Boys and girls both 44
• Overall boys 55 vs girls 45
• Household income a factor
• income less than 40,000 - 43
• income above 80,000 - 63

9
Canadian Sports Participation

• More men than women were regular sport
  participants
• 1995 52 men, 38 women
• 1998 43 men, 26 women
• 2005 36 men, 21 women
• Gender gap most evident between 15-18 year olds
  (89 to 64)
• (Statistics Canada, 1998)

10
Women in Sport

• Only 6 of 32 sports included in 1992 General
  Social Survey dominated by females. Which ones?
• Field Hockey
• Figure Skating
• Gymnastics
• Ringette
• Synchronized Swimming
• Volleyball
• (Statistics Canada, 1992)

11
Women in Sport

• Greatest influence on female sport participation
  in North America?
• Title IX (1972)
• Legislated equality of opportunities for female
  athletes in the NCAA

12
The Female Coach

• Number of women coaching female teams?
• 1972 90 NCAA teams coached by females
• 1991 47 of womens teams female coached
  (Carpenter and Acosta, 1991)
• Why the decline? Or is it a decline?

13
The Female Coach

• What About Canada?
• - 29 of all coaches female in 1992 (Statistics
  Canada, 1992)
• What about the CIS?

14
CIS Coaches

• 11 CIS Sports 8 both enders
• 434 CIS coaches
• Womens Sports
• Which sports had more female coaches (10 vs 4)?
• Field hockey
• Which sports had almost 50 balance (20/21,
  11/12)?
• Basketball, rugby
• Which sports had no female coaches?
• Wrestling
• Mens (10) Sports
• Which sports had no female coaches (4)?
• Football, m hockey, m soccer, m wrestling
• Which sports had 1 female coach (3)?
• Basketball, swimming, volleyball

15
Sex Bias in Coaching

• Male coaches rated higher than female coaches
• Males rated male coaches higher than female
  regardless of comparative abilities
• Females rated female coaches higher ONLY when
  record of the female coach was SIGNIFICANTLY
  better!
• (Weinberg, Reveles and Jackson, 1984)
• (Parkhouse and Williams, 1986)
• (Parkhouse and Williams, 1988)

16
Female Coaches in Canada

• In 1992 only 4 of Canadians amateur coaches and
  male dominated
• In 2005 overall 7 of Canadians amateur coaches
• 2005 874,000 males amateur coaches
• 9 decrease from 1998
• 2005 882,000 women amateur coaches
• 15 higher than in 1998