Ch 22 PPT

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Ch 22 PPTThe Ordeal of Reconstruction1865-1877

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Problems of Peace 18651877

• Rebel leaders given jail terms (Pres. Johnson
  pardoned rebel leaders in 1868)
• Transportation system broke down.
• Banks and businesses had closed.
• Slave-labor system collapsed.
• Cotton fields with weeds.
• Planter aristocrats reduced to poverty. Their
  investment in slaves evaporated.
• Radical Republicans take control of policy in
  1866
• (conservative white democrats regained power in
  each state by 1877)

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TMWK CH 22

• 1. Pg 482 Picture How is being a freedmen
  different from being a slave?
• 2. Pg 487 Picture How is this different from
  being in slavery?

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Black Codes

• 1865 Blacks Codes designed to regulate the
  affairs of emancipated Blacks - aimed to ensure a
  stable and subservient labor force.
• Strong penalties for those who broke labor
  contracts.
• Had right to marry.
• Could not serve on jury some barred from owning
  or leasing land.
• Could be punished for idleness - subjected to
  work in a chain gang.
• Many Blacks became sharecropper farmers.
• Response Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bill

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Are They Truly Free?

• Emancipation was uneven and slow.
• Some Blacks attempting to move to freedom were
  murdered.
• Some Southerners resisted/protested emancipation
  until it was lawful (legally passed by the govt)
• Tens of thousands went in search of family
  members and to test their freedom.
• 1878 through 1880 25,000 Blacks from Louisiana,
  Texas, and Miss. moved to Kansas. Steam boat
  capts. began to refuse to transport these
  Exodusters across the Miss. River.
• Blacks formed own churches became a focal point
  of Black community life.
• Education for Blacks societies for self
  improvement

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Freedmans Bureau (expired in 1872

• March 1865 Congress created Freedmens Bureau
  lead by Union General Oliver O. Howard.
• 1st type of welfare program in the U.S.
• Made to provide food, clothing, medical care, and
  education to both freedmen and white refugees.
• Greatest success was in education taught Blacks
  how to read.
• Authorized to settle former slaves on 40 acres of
  land, but little land made it into their hands.
• However, some Blacks would be convinced to sign
  labor contracts to work for their former
  masters.
• Pres. Andrew Johnson, who shared Southern
  Supremacist feelings, tried to end Freedmans
  Bureau.

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Union General Oliver O. Howard
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Freedmans Bureau
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Freedmens Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
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Freedmens Bureau School
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TMWK

• 3. Political Cartoon pg 488 What is the political
  cartoon depicting? Is it for or against something
  or someone?

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Johnson The Tailor President

• Came from poverty was an orphan.
• Moved to Tennessee - elected to Congress
• as Democrat.
• Gained attention when he didnt want to secede
  along with his state of Tennessee.
• Johnson was a Southern Democrat Vice-Pres in
  the Union Party (but pro-slavery) as Republicans
  needed to attract support from War Democrats.
• Wasnt popular as president didnt fit in with
  North or South.
• Wasnt interested in giving freedmen civil rights.

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Plans for Reconstruction

• 1863 Lincolns 10 Reconstruction Plan a state
  could re-enter the Union when 10 of its voters
  in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an
  oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to
  abide by emancipation. Next, a formal setting up
  of a state govt.
• Republican Opposition In Congress 1864 -Congress
  passed the Wade-Davis Bill which required 50 of
  a states voters take the oath of allegiance.
  Lincoln vetoed it.
• Thus some felt rebel states should be restored to
  the Union simply and swiftly while others felt
  the South should be punished and their social
  structure uprooted

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Johnsons Reconstruction Plan

• May 1865 Pres Johnson agreed with Lincoln. He
  passed his own Reconstruction proclamation to
  quickly allow Southern states to re-enter the
  Union.
• disenfranchised leading Confederates - including
  those with taxable property worth more than
  20,000.
• Called for special state conventions - required
  to repeal the ordinances of secession
• ratify the slave-freeing 13 Amendment
• repudiate all Confederate debts
• State who complied with the plan could be
  readmitted to the Union

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Congressional Reconstruction

• Two factions majority were moderate who sided
  with Lincoln. Minority radical group thought
  South should pay.
• Republicans didnt want to give up political
  advantage to rebellious Democrats. (1861-1865
  Republicans had passed the Morrill Tariff,
  Pacific Railroad Act, Homestead Act).
• Republican concern South is stronger politically
  because blacks now count for one person instead
  of 3/5s (12 more votes in Congress, 12 more in
  presidential electoral votes)

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Johnson Clashes with Congress

• Pres. Johnson vetoed Freedmens Bureau Bill
  Congress re-passes it.
• March 1866 Congress passed Civil Rights Bill
  gave Blacks the privilege of American citizenship
  Johnson vetoes it, but then Congress
  steamrollered over veto by 2/3 majority.
• 14 Amendment Gave Blacks citizenship to make
  sure South wouldnt be able to repeal the Civil
  Rights Bill. (reduced representation of a state
  if denied Blacks the ballot)
• Blacks still not given the right to vote, but
  Radical Republicans agreed that all states had to
  ratify the amendment to remain in the Union.

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Republican Control of Congress

• Radicals led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus
  Stevens - want to keep South out of the Union as
  long as possible and to bring about a social and
  economic transformation.
• Moderates (the majority) wanted quicker
  reconstruction/re-uniting
• Both agreed upon the necessity to enfranchise
  Black voters.
• They would both compromise

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Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens Senate
House
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TMWK

• 4. Pg 491 Map During Reconstruction, how was the
  South divided up?
• 5. Pg 491 Chart What two years were most of the
  South readmitted to representation in Congress?
  (thus gaining political power)
• 6. Pg 491 Chart What are Redeemer regimes?

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Reconstruction by Sword

• March 1867 Reconstruction Act - divided the
  South into 5 military zones
• Laid guidelines for readmission of states
• Must accept 14th amendment freedmen given
  citizenship
• 15th Amendment gave blacks right to vote in
  1869 Results in South - Black migration out of
  the South and West.
• Women Amendments did not give women suffrage.

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5 Military Districts
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Civil War Amendments

• 13th Amendment
• 14th
• 15th

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Civil War Amendments

• 13th Amendment Slavery is prohibited in U.S. or
  any part controlled by it
• 14th All people born in U.S. are citizens at
  place of their birth (Civil Rights Amendment)
• 15th Citizens right to vote wont be denied or
  taken away due to race, color, or previous slave
  status

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Reconstruction in the South

• Having gained right to vote, Southern Black men
  began to organize politically through the Union
  League.
• Union League network of political clubs that
  educated members in civic duties and campaigned
  for Republican candidates.
• Other purposes Build Black churches and schools,
  represent Black grievances in workplace and govt,
  recruit militias to protect Black communities
  from White retaliators.
• Black men began serving in Congress
• Southerners hated seeing former slaves hold
  higher positions than they
• There was contempt for both groups in the South

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Black Political Participation

• 1868-1876 14 Black Congressman and 2 Black
  Senators served in D.C.
• Former slaves holding office angered plantation
  owners.
• Southerners lashed out at White allies of the
  Blacks, calling them scalawags- Southern Whites
  supporting Reconstruction the Republican party
  and carpetbaggers-Northerners who settled in
  South after Civil War as Republican political
  appointees and for financial gain.
• Steps taken to establish adequate public schools.
• Property rights guaranteed to women.

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Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
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Black Reconstruction
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Ku Klux Klan Invisible Empire of the South.

• Secret organization began 1866 in Tennessee
  angry over Blacks being successful as
  legislators.
• Dedicated to scaring blacks into not voting or
  seeking employment.
• Committed Violence floggings, mutilations,
  murders.
• 1870-1871 To protect voting rights Congress
  passed Force Acts - Federal troops used to stamp
  out violence of KKK
• Starting in 1890 - stopped Blacks from voting by
  intimidation, fraud, and imposing literacy tests,
  and poll tax.

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The Ku Klux Klan
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Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton
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Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• Impeachment Formal process which an official is
  accused of unlawful activity
• 1867 Congress passes Tenure of Office Act Law
  required Pres to get approval of Senate before he
  could remove his appointees. (fire anyone)
• Congress did this to keep Edwin M. Stanton,
  Secretary of War, who was a Republican spy in
  office.
• 1868 Johnson dismisses Stanton, then House of
  Representatives immediately voted to impeach
  Johnson for high crimes and misdemeanors for
  violating the Tenure of Office Act.

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Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson

• Johnson advised not to testify by his lawyers
• Johnsons counsel claimed Tenure of Office Act
  was unconstitutional
• May 1868, Johnson acquitted of charges by one
  vote (7 out of 6 votes)
• Radicals were enraged by the acquittal, but other
  politicians feared setting the precedent of
  removing the president of office by impeachment

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1867 Purchase of Alaska

• Secretary William H. Seward bought Alaska from
  Russia for 7.2 million. (2 cents per acre)
• People laughed at him and called it Sewards
  Folly
• Not until gold and oil were discovered was the
  purchase of Alaska considered to be a bargain
• Admitted as a state in 1959.
• Why did Russia want to sell Alaska to the U.S.?
  They were afraid it would fall into British hands.

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The Purchase of Alaska
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The Heritage of Reconstruction (1865-1877)

• Many Southerners regarded reconstruction as worse
  than the Civil War
• War destroyed the Souths system of society
• Republicans failed to improve conditions of the
  South
• Conditions for blacks would remain difficult for
  at least another century until the Civil Rights
  Movement in the 1950s 60s

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Post Reconstruction Era

• By 1877 Southern white resistance and withdrawal
  of federal supervision brought about the
  "redemption" of the South Redeemer governments.
• African Americans were disenfranchised. The
  redemption measures enforced greater racial
  separation and increased white intimidation and
  violence.

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President Johnsons Plan (10)

• Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
  Confederate civil and military officers and
  those with property over 20,000 (they could
  apply directly to Johnson)
• In new constitutions, they must accept
  minimumconditions repudiating slavery,
  secession, and state debts.
• Named provisional governors in Confederate states
  and called them to oversee elections for
  constitutional conventions.

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state
organizations.
EFFECTS?
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony