AERONAUTICS

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AERONAUTICS
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Classifications

• Lighter-Than-Air
• Free Balloons
• Airships
• Specialized
• Kite-Balloons
• Kites
• Parachutes ???

• Heavier-Than-Air
• Ornithopters
• Helicopters
• Gliders
• Aeroplanes
• Ballistic Rockets

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Outline

• Early Origins
• First Balloon Ascents
• Kite Balloons, Kites Parachutes
• Epoch Of The Airship
• Ornithopters
• Fixed Wing Flight - Gliders
• Powered Aeroplane
• Jet Power
• Rockets
• Helicopters

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Early Origins

• Daedalus His Son, Icarus
• Escaped Imprisonment From Crete With Wings Made
  From Feathers Wax. Flew Too Close To Sun.
• Archytas Of Tarentum (4th Century BC)
• Made Wooden Pigeon Which Flew
• Roger Bacon Albert The Great (1200s)
• Albert Of Saxony (1300s)
• Leonardo da Vinci (1400s)
• Parachutes, Helicopters, Ornithopters (Bird
  Flight)
• Robert Hooke (Late 1600s)
• Experiments With Flying Machines - Records Lost

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First Balloon Ascents

• Bartholomeu Lourenco de Gusmao (1709)
• Hot-Air Model - No Passengers
• Demonstrated Before King Of Portugal
• Joseph Etienne Montgolfiere
• Man-Carrying Hot-Air Model (1782)
• J.F. Pilatre de Rozier Marquis dArlandes
• First Free-Flight By Man (1783)
• Montgolfiere Balloon
• 7.5 Miles, 26 Minutes
• 3000 ft
• 78000 ft3

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First Balloon Ascents

• J.A.C. Charles (1746-1823)
• Hydrogen Would Be More Efficient Than Hot Air
• Isolated By Henry Cavendish (1766)
• Charliere Made First Flight 10 Days After de
  Rozier dArlandes
• 27 Miles, 2 Hours
• 9000 ft

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First Balloon Ascents
Charliere
Montgolfiere
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Kite Balloons

• Military Development Of Free Balloon
• Used For Observation - WW I
• First Practical Kite Balloon - German Drachen
• Elongated Gas-Filled Balloon (1896)
• Led To Zeppelin Development

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Kites

• Chinese (1000 BC)
• Man-Lifting Purposes ?
• Europe - Romans (1400s)
• Single Monoplane Lifting Surfaces
• Box-Kite (1893)
• Hargrave
• More Efficient
• Tandem Biplane Lifting Surfaces
• Man-Lifting !

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Parachutes

• Known To Ancient Chinese
• Leonardo da Vinci (1400s-1500s)
• Early Experimenters
• Blanchard (1777) - dropped Animals
• Montgolfiere (1779)
• A.J. Garnerin (1797) - First Human Jump
• A. Berry (1912) - First Aeroplane Jump
• E.M. Maitland (1913) - First Airship Jump
• 1920s - First Free-Fall Packed Parachutes

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Epoch Of The Airship

• Balloons - Problems
• Navigation - Paddles, Oars, Propellers
• Elongated Workable Dirigible Balloon
• Helped Navigation
• Light Powerful Means Of Propulsion
• Charles (1784)
• Elongated A Hydrogen Balloon
• Air-Filled Ballonet Contained Within Main
  Envelope
• T. Monck Mason (1843) - 6 mph
• Le Berrier (1844) - Steam Powered

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Epoch Of The Airship

• H. Giffard (1852) - Shown
• First Man-Carrying Airship
• 17 Miles At 5 mph
• 3 hp Steam Engine
• 3 Bladed Propeller
• First Pratical Model
• Renard Krebs
• 1884
• 9 hp Electric Motor
• 5 Miles At 14 mph

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Epoch Of The Airship

• Rigid Airship - Hydrogen
• D. Schwarz (1897) - Unsuccessful
• Count F. von Zeppelin (1900)

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Epoch Of The Airship

• Royal Naval Air Service
• Coastal Class
• WW I (1914-1918)
• Non-Rigid
• Hydrogen
• Two 112 kW Engines

• British Airship R101
• 1929
• Passenger Service
• Water Ballast

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Ornithopters

• Flapping-Wing Flying-Machines
• Leonardo da Vinci - Shown
• Marey (1892) - Flight Of Pigeons Recorded
• Current Aerodynamic Physics Theory
• Possible ?????

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Fixed Wing Flight - Gliders

• Hooke (1655) - Thought About Fixed-Wing Flight
• Sir George Caylay
• Father Of Aerial Navigation
• Aerodynamic Lift Drag Forces (1799)
• Experimental Gliders (1804)
• Full Size Man Carrying Glider (1852/53)
• No Complete Records Survive

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Fixed Wing Flight - Gliders

• Otto Lilienthal
• Applied Principles Of Caylay
• Contol Stability
• Flew Gliders
• Over 1000 Fights
• Died In Crash (1896)
• Worked On Power
• P.S. Pilcher
• Followed Lilienthal
• Died In Crash (1899)
• Both Would Have Beaten Wright Bros.

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Fixed Wing Flight - Gliders

• Octave Chanute
• Gliding Experiments
• Used Hargraves Box Kites To Develop Gliders
• Encouraged Wright Bros.
• Passed On Trussed Biplane Design
• Passes Information Between America Europe
• Voisin Bros.
• Two Box Kite Gliders With Pontoons (1905)
• Towed By Boat
• Wright Bros.
• Experimented Extensively With Gliders
• 3 Versions - 1900, 1901, 1902

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Powered Aeroplane

• Aerodynamic Theory
• Caylay (1799)
• Trial Error
• Lanchester (1907 1908)
• From Hydrodynamic Theory (Bernoulli, Euler, Etc.)
• Powered Model Aeroplanes
• First - de la Croix (1857)
• Steam Powered - S. P. Langley (1896)
• 0.75 Miles With 16 Wing Span

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Powered Aeroplane

• W.S. Hensen - Patent (1842)
• Large Transport Aeroplane - Steam Engine
• Never Flew
• 150 Wing Span
• Aerial Transit Company

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Wright Bros.

• Orville (Bicycle Manufacturer) Wilbur
• First Powered, Sustained, Controlled Flight
• Flyer - Tailless Pusher Biplane (Dec 17, 1903)
• 12 secs, 40 yds Long, 3ft High, 30 mph
• 12 hp Petrol Engine
• Kitty Hawk, NC

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Wright Bros.

• Am. Press Ignored Their Success For Several Years
• Third Flyer - 24 Miles In 38 min
• Govt Contract - One Biplane (1908)
• 1908 Wright Biplane (Kitty Hawk Museum)
• Control By Front Elevators, Wing Warping, Double
  Rudder

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Santos-Dumont 14 bis

• Alberto Santos-Dumont
• Independently In Europe
• Powered, Sustained, Controlled
• Tail First Pusher Biplane - Hargrave Style
• Octobe 23, 1906 - 65 yards
• 50 hp Antoinette Petrol Engine
• Wright Bros. Were Quickly Out-Paced