?a?a???? ????????? ?????e?a?- ????????? ??t?d?ast??e?

1
?a?a???? ????????? ?????e?a?-?????????
??t?d?ast??e?

• ??????ta ???ta
• ?µ?µa ??µe?a?
• ?.?.?.?.

2
?st????? a?ad??µ?

• 1932 James Chadwick-a?a?????? ?et??????
• 1933 ?e???? Curie a?a?????? te???t??
  ?ad?e????e?a? ß?µßa?d????ta? ????? µe s?µ?t?a a
• 1934 ?nrico Fermi ?a? ? ?µ?da t??
  ß?µßa?d?sµ?? ???a???? µe ?et????a
• 1938 Otto Hahn, Frich Strassman, Lise Meitner
  a?a?????? t?? st???e??? ßa???? sa? p????? t??
  ß?µßa?d?sµ?? t?? ???a???? µe ?et?????
• 1939 Lise Meitner ?a? Frich Otto ?e???t???
  e????s? t?? s??s??

3

• 1942 ??a??? t?? s?ed??? Manhattan ap? ta
  pa?ep?st?µ?a?? e??ast???a t?? Columbia, Berkeley
  ?a? Chicago (Oppenheimer, Bohr, Chadwick, Fermi).
• 1942(2 ?e?eµß????) ???t? e?e???µe?? a??s?d?t?
  a?t?d?as? ?a? ?e?t?????a t?? p??t?? p????????
  a?t?d?ast??a Chicago Pile-1 ap? Fermi st?
  Chicago
• 1945(16 ???????) ??µ??????a t?? p??t?? p????????
  ß?µßa? Trinity ?????? st? Alomogordo (Los
  Alamos)
• 1945(6 ?????st??) ???? p???????? ß?µßa? ???a????
  (Little boy) st? ????s?µa
• 1945(9 ?????st??) ???? p???????? ß?µßa?
  p???t????? (Fat man) st? ?a??as???
• 1956 S?stas? ??e????? ?p?t??p?? ?t?µ????
  ?????e?a?

4
?????????? t?? p?? s?ßa??? p???????? at???µ?t??

• 1986 ?se???µp??, ?????? st? µ???da 4
• 1957 ?t???µa st? sta?µ? epe?e??as?a? p????????
  ap?ß??t?? Kysthym (??s?a)
• 1957 ??a???? ?ad?e?e???? ?????? st? Windscale
  (M. ??eta??a)
• 1979 ?e???? t??? t?? p????a t?? a?t?d?ast??a
  st?? p??????? sta?µ? Three-Mile Island (???)
• 1980 ??µ??? st?? p???????? e??atast?se?? st?
  Saint Laurent (Ga???a)
• 2011 ???????? at???µa st? Fukushima I (?ap???a)

5
???????? S??s?

• ?? e??a?
• ???????? a?t?d?as? st?? ?p??a ? p????a? t??
  at?µ?? ?????eta? se 2 e?af??te???? p????e?
  pa?????ta? e????e?a e?e??e?a ?et????a ?a? ?
  a?t???ß???a
• ?????µ?t? s??s? (Spontaneous fission)
  ?ad?e?e???? ap?d???e?s?, p?a?µat?p??e?ta? ?????
  ß?µßa?d?sµ? ?et?????? se ßa??? ?ad?e?e???
  ?s?t?pa
• ??a?a??asµ??? s??s? (Induced fission) ap?t??esµa
  t?? p???????? d???e?s?? ?ta? ??a? s??s?µ??
  p????a? desµe?e? 1 ?et?????

6
???a??sµ?? s??s??

• Stad?a?? pa?aµ??f?s? p????a
• G?a µ????? pa?aµ??f?se?? ? e????e?a a????eta?
  ?a??? a????eta? ? ep?f??e?a
• ?ta? ? p????a? a????e? ?a ?????eta? sta 2 , ?
  e????e?a ?aµ????e? ?a??? a????eta? ? d?a????sµ??
  ???? t?? d??aµ???? Coulomb
• G?a ?a ???e? ? s??s? p??pe? ?a ?pe??????e? ??a
  e?e??e?a?? ???? (Energy barrier)

7
?a?a??µe?? e????e?a

• ??a s??s? pa???e? 200 Mev
• U-235

169 Mev (????t??? e????e?a)
6 Mev ( e?p?µp? 2,5 ?et??????) 7 Mev ( ?
a?t???ß???a)
8
???s?d?t?? a?t?d??se??

• ?p????f?s? ?e?µ???? ?et?????? (0,025 eV)
  (thermal neutron) ap? t?? p????a
• ??µ??????a 2 ???at????? p?????? ?a? e?e?????s?
  2-3 ?et?????? µe µe???? ?? (1 MeV) (fast
  neutrons)
• ?a fast neutrons e?att????? t?? e????e?a t???
  µ?s? µ?a? se???? e?ast???? ????se??
• ? a???µ?? ?et?????? p???ap?as???eta? ap? t? µ?a
  ?e??? st?? ???? ?p?? ta ?a??????a ?et????a
  p???d?t??? ??e? s??se?? ?? ?ts? d?µ?????e?ta? ?
  a??s?d?t? a?t?d?as?

9
????????? a?t?d?ast??e?

• ?? e??a?
• ???a? µ?a d??ta?? p?? p?a?µat?p??e? ?a?
  e????e? µ?a a??s?d?t? p??????? a?t?d?as?
• ?a?a???? ??e?t????? e????e?a?
• ?a?as?e?? ?s?t?p?? ??a ?at???? ?a? ß??µ??a????
  ???s?
• G?a e?e???t????? s??p???

10
??? d???e????

• ? ?etat??p??? t? ?e?µ??? e????e?a p??
  ape?e??e???eta? ap? t?? p??????? s??s? (µ?s?
  a??s?d?t?? a?t?d?as??) se ?f???µ? ??e?t????
• ? ?a?a???? ?e?µ?t?ta? 1) µetat??p? ????t????
  e????e?a? p?????t?? se ?e?µ???
• 2)
  ap? t? ?ad?e?e??? d??spas? t?? p?????t?? t??
  s??s??
• 3)
  ap? t? ? a?t???ß???a

11
?a?d?? p???????? a?t?d?ast??a(Fission reactor
core)

• ?a?s?µa st???e?a (fuel elements) ?????d???
  ?a?s?µ?? (fuel bars) U eµp???t?sµ??? se
  U-235 ? Pu-239
• 2) ?p?ß?ad??t?? (moderator)
• ?e?µ?p???s? ?et??????
• ß??????ta? t?? ??ßd??? ?a?s?µ?? se
• H2O
• 3) S?st?µa e?a????? ?e?µ?t?ta?
• (heat extraction system)
• ???t??? µ?s?
• pe?????sµ?? t?? ?e?µ???as?a? ? µetaf???
  ?e?µ???? e????e?a? se ??. ?e???t??e?

12
??a????sµ?? t?? p???????? a?t?d?ast????

• ???????? s??s?
• 1) Te?µ???? a?t?d?ast??e? (thermal reactors)
• ?e?µ??? ?et????a - ep?ß?ad??t??
  (moderators)
• ?a? U-235, Pu-239, Pu-241 (?a?s?µ?)
• 2) ??t?d?ast??e? ???????? ?et??????( fast neutron
  reactors)
• ??? ep?ß?ad??t?? ?a? U-238 (?a?s?µ?)
• 3) ??t?d?ast??e? p?? ?e?t??????? µe ß?s?
  ep?ta???t?? s?µat?d??? (reactors driven by
  particle accelerators)

13
Thermal reactors

• Ka?s?µ?
• UO2 ( 3 se U-235) µe pe??ß??µa ???µat?? Zr
• ?p?ß?ad??t??
• ??af?? ?e?? (?a?????? ?e??)
• ?a?d??-p????a?
• ??ßd?? ?a?s?µ?? se s?st????a ???e?? p?es??
  pe????e? t? ?e??
• ??a???? ?e?µ?t?ta?
• T??µa?s? ?e??? se ????? p?es?
• ??t??s? ?e??? se atµ??e???t??a ?p?? ß???e?
• ? atµ?? ???e? st??ß???

14
?oiling Water Reactor
??????se? te???????e? thermal reactors

• S?st?µa ????? ?a? ep?ß?ad??t??
• ?e?? se ?aµ???te?? p?es? (se s??s? µe t?? PWR)
  t? ?e?? ß???e? µ?sa st? d??e?? p?es??
  pa?????ta? atµ? p?? ????t?p??e? t?? t???µp??e?

15
Pressurized Water Reactor
??????se? te???????e? thermal reactors

• S?st?µa ????? ?a? ep?ß?ad??t??
• H2O (300 C , 150 atm)
• ?) ?e?? t??f?d?te? 1 e?a????t? ?e?µ?t?ta?
• ?) ?e?te?e??? ?????µa ?e???
• G) ?a?a???? atµ?? p?? ???e? t??
  t???µp??e?
• 2) ?? ?a?s?µ? µp??e? ?a ??at?se? 3 ?????a µ????
  ?a µ?????e? e?te??? ap? ta p?????ta t?? s??s??

Ge???? ????µe ??a??p???t??? ap?te?esµat???t?ta
16
??????se? te???????e? thermal reactors

• ?WTNR ( heavy water thermal neutron reactor)

• GTNR ( graphite-gas thermal neutron reactor)

• CANDU
• (canadian system)
• St? CANDU ?? sß???? ?p?? e??a? t?p??et?µ??? t?
  ?a?s?µ? (UO2) ß??s???ta? µ?sa se s????e? ?p??
  ?????f??e? t? ßa?? ?e?? st??? 200 C ?a? se 90
  atm
• ?? ßa?? ?d?? ep?ß?ad??t?? ?a? ???t??? µ?s?

• ?a?s?µ? f?s??? µeta????? ??????? µe t? e???
  ?d??t?ta t? ?aµ??? s?µe?? t???? t?? pe??????e?
  t? ?e?µ???as?a st?? ?a?d?a t?? a?t?d?ast??a ?a???
  ?a? t? ?e?µ??? ap?d?t???t?ta
• ?p?ß?ad??t?? ??af?t??
• ???t??? µ?s? CO2

17
Fast neutron reactors

• ?a?s?µ?
• ???µa d???e?d??? t?? ???a???? ?a?
  p???t????? se d??e?a a???e?d?t?? ????ßa
• ?p?ß?ad??t?? ?e? ?p???e?
• ?a?d??-p????a?
• ?a (???t??? ????)
• ? p????a? pe??ß???eta? ap? UO2 se d??e?a
  ap? a???e?d?t? ????ßa
• ?p?µ?????s? ?e?µ?t?ta?
• a)T??µa?s? ?a ap? t?? ?a?d??
• ß)??t??s? 1 e?d??µes?? e?a????t?
  ?e?µ?t?ta?
• ?) T??µa?s? ?a se de?te?e??? ?????µa
• d) ?etaf??? ?e?µ?t?ta? se ?e???t??a atµ??

18
??????se? te???????e? fast neutron reactors

• Llquid ?etal Fast Breeder Reactor
• S?st?µa ????? ???? µ?ta???
• ????? ???µ?st?
• ?a???e? pe??ss?te?a ?a?s?µa se s??s? µe a?t? p??
  ?ata?a???e?
• Superphenix

• Malten Salt Reactors
• ??a????? ta ?a?s?µa p??? f???????a ??ata
• ?????? ???s? f????????? a??t?? ?? ???t??? µ?s?
• ??? ????? p?es?
• ??? e?f?e?ta st???e?a st?? p????a t???

• Pebble Bed Reactors
• ???s? µ??f?p???µ???? ?a?s?µ?? se ?e?aµ??? d??e?a
  sta ?p??a ?????f??e? t? a???? ?a?s?µ?
• ???f? asfa???? a?t?d?ast??a

19
Accelerated driven subcritical reactors

• ?ccelerator driven system
• a) ???a? 1 ep?ta???t?? (1 GeV) p?? pa???e?
  p??t???a
• ß) ???e p??t???? p?? a????ep?d?? µe 1 st???
  Pb d?µ?????e? p??????? ??a?sµata ?a? ?et????a (se
  a?a????a 1 p??? 20)
• ?) ?e? ?p?????? ep?ß?ad??t?? ??te ??ßd??
  e??????
• S??p?? ?e?t?????a?
• 1) ?atast??f? ßa???? ?s?t?p??
  (Ne-237, Am-241, Am-243, Pu-239).

20
????t???? p??e?t?se?? t?? ?e?t?????a? t??
p???????? a?t?d?ast????

• ??p?µp? ?ad?e?e???? ??s??? p??? t?? atµ?sfa??a
• ??µ??????a p??s?et?? p???????? µ???d?? (µ???da
  e??????? ???a???? ?t?)
• ??a?e???s? t?? p???????? ap?ß??t??
• 1) µe???? ??st??
• 2) pa????µ?? t??p?? a?t?µet?p?s??
• ??s?? ???? ???? e??? a?t?d?ast??a 30 ?????a

21
(No Transcript)
22
????????? ?????? ?a?s?µ??

• Thermal Reactors ???s? eµp???t?sµ????
  ???a????
• ???? t? 1 U-235 ?p???e? se f?s??? af????a
• a???s? t?? pe??e?t???t?ta? t?? ?s?t?p?? µe
  f??????t??s? ? d????s?
• µetat??p? se s???? d???e?d??? t??
  ???a????
• d?µ??????a ??ßd?? ?a?s?µ??

23
???????? e????e?a ???s?µa e??t?µata

• ??? ?a p??pe? ?a t?p??et????µe ap??a?t? st? ???s?
  ?a? ?e?t?????a t?? p???????? a?t?d?ast????
• ?at? p?s? a???e?e? ?t? s?µß?????? st?? p??s???
  a??pt???

24
S?µpe??sµata

• ??µ??e?a
• 1) ???????? s??s? ?a? µ??a??sµ??
• 2) ??µ? ?a? ßas??? ?e?t?????a p????????
  a?t?d?ast????