Logos, Ethos, Pathos

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Logos, Ethos, Pathos

• The Three Appeals
• of Argument

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Logos

• Rational
• Logical

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Logos

• Is your argument based on logical appropriate
  evidence?
• Does it require one of the following types of
  reasoning
• Deductive
• Inductive

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Logos

• Deductive reasoning
• Begins with a generalization
• Cites a specific case related to the
  generalization
• Ends with a conclusion based on the above

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Logos

• Aristotles example of deductive reasoning
• All men are mortal.
• Socrates is a man.
• Socrates is mortal.

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Logos

• Inductive reasoning
• Begins with several pieces of specific evidence
• Draws generalization and conclusion from this
  evidence

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Logos

• Same example reversed
• Socrates is mortal. Plato is mortal. Pythagoras
  is mortal
• All men are mortal.

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Be Aware of Generalizations

• Post hoc ergo propter hoc This is a conclusion
  that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then
  'B' must have caused 'A.' Example
• I went to school and now I am sick, so school
  must have made me sick.

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Ethos

• Ethical appeal

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Aristotle

• "There is persuasion through character whenever
  the speech is spoken in such a way as to make the
  speaker worthy of credence for we believe
  fair-minded people to greater extent and more
  quickly than we do others on all subjects in
  general and completely so in cases where there is
  not exact knowledge but room for doubt. And this
  should result from the speech, not from a
  previous opinion that the speaker is a certain
  kind of person."

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Ethos

• Refers not to the ethics of the argument, but to
  the ethics of the person making the argument
• Shows that the person making the argument has a
  certain degree of credibility, is of good
  character and is qualified to be making the
  argument

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Ethos Credibility

• What is credibility?
• Are YOU a credible source? If so, how so?

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Ethos

• 1. What does the author do to present herself
  as a credible source? Does the author give you
  direct information? (degrees, previous research,
  recognition, etc.)2. Does the author respect her
  audience? What does she do to show that respect
  (or lack of)?3. Is her tone overly sarcastic?
  despondent? condescending?4. Does the author
  have a biased world view/opinion? Does the author
  acknowledge or address her opposition at all or
  in a respectful manner?5. Is the author careful
  and clean in her presentation? Should we take the
  author seriously if she does not pay close
  attention to detail?6. Is the author honest?
  Does she use quality evidence and research,
  properly documented and supported?

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Pathos

• Emotional appeal

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Pathos

• It is fine and even appropriate to use emotional
  appeal in your argument
• But
• Trouble can occur when this the sole or primary
  basis of your argument

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Pathos

• Use in conjunction with logos to reach your
  audience
• Emotions appeal to audience more powerfully than
  reason alone

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Pathos

• 1. How does the text make you feel? Annoyed?
  Scared? Excited? Close to tears?2. How do the
  elements of the text function to make you feel
  that way?3. Is the tone intense, detached,
  hectic, overly casual? What emotional response
  does the tone evoke?4. Do the meanings of
  specific words or phrases evoke a strong
  emotional response?5. Does the author use
  metaphors to evoke certain emotions?6. Does the
  author manipulate the audience by unduly evoking
  emotions? (sentimentality)7. Are the examples
  the author uses logically irrelevant but
  emotion-packed? What emotions do the examples
  evoke?

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Logos, Pathos or Ethos?
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Logos, Pathos or Ethos?
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Logos, Pathos or Ethos?
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Logos, Pathos or Ethos?
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Logos, Pathos or Ethos?
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Sell Your Product

• Choose an item/product and create an
  advertisement.
• The ad must represent an appeal to logos, pathos,
  or ethos ( or a combination of)
• The ad must be representative of your best work.
• Be prepared to defend your creation.
• Yes, I know sex sells so please
• keep it classroom appropriate!!!

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Logos, Pathos, Ethos Make it Personal

• Examples
• I Have A Dream- Martin Luther King Jr.
• All I Really Need to Know I Learned in
  Kindergarten- Robert Fulghum

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Sell Yourself

• Choose a personal credo
• Use this credo to assist you in developing an
  autobiography.

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Compose Your Story cont.

• Its not enough to say this is my birth/life
  storyconnect the credo to the life story.
• Why do you subscribe to this credo?
• Apply logos, pathos or ethos so that you leave
  your audience buying your story