Bribery and Business Ethics

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New Horizon College English
Unit 6 Section A
Bribery and Business Ethics
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Pre-reading Activities
Text Analysis
Main idea and Structure
Expressions Patterns
Summary
How to apply to our real life the typical
expressions and patterns taken from the text
Blank filling
Exercises
Writing
All the exercises for Section A
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(No Transcript)
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• New Words
• bribe
• bribery
• ethics
• Phrases and
• Expressions
• on the increase
• a way of life
• pay up
• stand by

• in practice
• accuse of
• in private
• a fact of life
• consist of
• in support of
• under investigation
• throw out
• close a deal
• speed up

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• hit upon / on
• distinguish between
• amount to
• behave oneself
• be caught in
• on the take
• square with
• Proper Names
• Switzerland
• Chrysler Corporation

• U.S. Securities
• and Exchange
• Commission
• Chile
• Iran
• Caribbean
• International
• Chamber of
• Commerce (ICC)

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Bribery and Business Ethics Para. 1 Students
taking business courses are sometimes a little
surprised to find that classes on business ethics
have been included in their schedule. They often
do not realize that bribery in various forms is
on the increase in many countries and, in some,
has been a way of life for centuries.
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Para. 2 Suppose that during a negotiation
with some government officials, the Minister of
Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him
a substantial bribe, you will find it much easier
to get an import license for your goods, and you
are also likely to avoid procedural delays, as
he puts it. Now, the question is do you pay up
or stand by your principles?
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Para. 3a It is easy to talk about having high
moral standards but, in practice, what would one
really do in such a situation? Some time ago a
British car manufacturer was accused of operating
a fund to pay bribes, and of other questionable
practices such as paying agents and purchasers an
exaggerated commission, offering additional
discounts, and making payments to numbered bank
accounts in Switzerland. (To be continued)
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Para. 3b (To continue) The company rejected
these charges and they were later withdrawn.
Nevertheless, at that time, there were people in
the motor industry in Britain who were prepared
to say in private Look, were in a very
competitive business. Every year were selling
more than a ? 1,000 million worth of cars abroad.
If we spend a few million pounds to keep some of
the buyers happy, whos hurt? If we didnt do it,
someone else would.
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Para. 4a It is difficult to resist the
impression that bribery and other questionable
payments are on the increase. Indeed, they seem
to have become a fact of commercial life. To take
just one example, the Chrysler Corporation, third
largest of the U.S. car manufacturers, revealed
that it made questionable payments of more than
2.5 million between 1971 and 1976. (To be
continued)
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Para. 4b (To continue) By announcing this,
it joined more than 300 other U.S. companies that
had admitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission that they had made payments of one
kind or another bribes, extra discounts, etc.
in recent years. For discussion purposes, we can
divide these payments into three broad
categories.
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Para. 5 The first category consists of
substantial payments made for political purposes
or to secure major contracts. For example, one
U.S. corporation offered a large sum of money in
support of a U.S. presidential candidate at a
time when the company was under investigation for
possible violations of U.S. business laws. This
same company, it was revealed, was ready to
finance secret U.S. efforts to throw out the
government of Chile.
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Para. 6  In this category, we may also
include large payments made to ruling families or
their close advisers in order to secure arms
sales or major petroleum or construction
contracts. In a court case involving an arms deal
with Iran, a witness claimed that ? 1 million had
been paid by a British company to a negotiator
who helped close a deal for the supply of tanks
and other military equipment to that country.
Other countries have also been known to put
pressure on foreign companies to make donations
to party bank accounts.
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Para. 7a The second category covers payments
made to obtain quicker official approval of some
project, to speed up the wheels of government. An
interesting example of this kind of payment is
provided by the story of a sales manager who had
been trying for some months to sell road
machinery to the Minister of Works of a Caribbean
country. Finally, he hit upon the answer. (To be
continued)
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Para. 7b (To continue) Discovering that the
minister collected rare books, he bought a rare
edition of a book, slipped 20,000 within its
pages, then presented it to the minister. This
man examined its contents, then said I
understand there is a two-volume edition of this
work. The sales manager, who was quick-witted,
replied My company cannot afford a two-volume
edition, sir, but we could offer you a copy with
a preface! A short time later, the deal was
approved.
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Para. 8 The third category involves payments
made in countries where it is traditional to pay
people to help with the passage of a business
deal. Some Middle East countries would be
included on this list, as well as certain Asian
countries.
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Para. 9 Is it possible to devise a code of
rules for companies that would prohibit bribery
in all its forms? The International Chamber of
Commerce (ICC) favors a code of conduct that
would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. This
code would try to distinguish between commissions
paid for real services and exaggerated fees that
really amount to bribes. A council has been
proposed to manage the code.
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Para. 10 Unfortunately, opinions differ
among members of the ICC concerning how to
enforce the code. The British members would like
the system to have enough legal power to make
companies behave themselves. However, the French
delegates think it is the business of governments
to make and impose law the job of a business
community like the ICC is to say what is right
and wrong, but not to impose anything.
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Para. 11 In a well-known British newspaper,
a writer argued recently that industry is caught
in a web of bribery and that everyone is on the
take. This is probably an exaggeration. However,
todays businessman, selling in overseas markets,
will frequently meet situations where it is
difficult to square his business interests with
his moral conscience.
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Bribery in various forms is on the increase and
has become a fact of commercial life. On the
whole, the bribery can fall into three
categories for political purposes or to secure
major contracts to obtain quicker official
approval of some projects and to obtain help
with the passage of a business deal. To ban
bribery, ICC favors a code of conduct. However,
the ICC members are of different opinions. The
headache is still there to stay in business.
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The passage is broadly put into three parts
bribery has become a common occurrence in many
countries, three main categories of bribery, and
the efforts to ban bribery and the result. The
whole passage is organized in problem-solution
pattern. In the first part, the phenomenon (the
problem) is described in the second, the
questionable payments are analyzed and in the
third, the efforts for solution and the result
are presented.
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The illustration of the problem (Paras. 1-4)
ICC is to set up a code of conduct that would ban
the giving and seeking of bribes. And a council
has been proposed to manage the code. However,
opinions differ among the members of ICC. Bribery
seems inevitable.
Bribery is a common occurrence in many countries.
The phenomenon is introduced by classes on
business ethics, and exemplified by two
examples a British car manufacturer and the
Chrysler Corporation.
Questionable payments can be divided into three
categories 1. Those for political purposes or to
secure major contracts 2. Those for obtaining
quicker official approval of some projects 3.
Those for help with the passage of a business
deal.
The analysis of the problem (Paras. 5-8)
The solution of the problem (Paras. 9-11)
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Main idea?
Bribery and other questionable payments are on
the increase in many countries. They seem to be
based not on lack of business ethics but on
business interests.
Devices for developing it?
Exemplification (???)
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The authors viewpoint in Para. 3 Sticking to
high moral standards is easier said than done.
The examples in support
A British car manufacturer was accused of
operating a fund to pay bribes and of other
questionable practices. People in the motor
industry held that if they didnt bribe to keep
the buyers happy, someone else would.
The authors viewpoint in Para. 4 Bribery and
other questionable payments are on the increase.
The examples in support
The Chrysler Corporation revealed that it
made questionable payments of more than 2.5
million between 1971 and 1976. Three hundred
other U.S. companies had admitted that they had
made payments of one kind or another in recent
years.
Exemplification is employed in the third and the
forth paragraph to make the authors viewpoint
convincing.
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Main idea?
The questionable payments are divided into three
categories payments made for political purposes
or to secure major contracts to obtain quicker
official approval and made to people who help
with the passage of a business deal.
Devices for developing it?
Listing (???)
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Para. 5 The first category consists of Para. 7
The second category covers Para. 8 The third
category involves
Listing is employed in this part to list three
categories of questionable payments.
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Main idea?
To ban bribery, a code of conduct is favored by
ICC, and even a council was proposed to manage
it. But, its members are of different opinions.
Anyway, bribery seems inevitable.
Devices for developing it?
Deduction (???)
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General statement Unfortunately, opinions differ
among members of the ICC concerning how to
enforce the code. (L. 61) Specific descriptions
The British members would like the system to have
enough legal power to make companies behave
themselves. However, the French delegates think
it is the business of governments to make and
impose law.
In this part, deduction is employed to show that
members of ICC have different ideas as to the
enforcement of the code.
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B. Patterns for you to use as models
A. Expressions

1. on the increase
2. to make it clear to sb. that
3. to stand by ones principles
4. to have high moral standards
5. in private
6. for discussion/ political purposes
   gtgtmore

• Typical patterns for sb.s reaction to sth.
• Typical patterns for exemplification
• gtgtmore

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1. under investigation
2. for possible violations of business laws
3. to finance sb.s efforts to do sth.
4. to secure major construction contracts
5. to put pressure/undue stress on
6. to make donations/ payments to sb.
7. to speed up the wheels of

1. to hit upon/on the answer/solution
2. to slip sth. into/within
3. to be included on the list
4. to devise a code of rules
5. to prohibit bribery in various/all its forms
6. to amount to
7. to square ones interests with his moral
   conscience

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1. ????

• on the increase (L. 3)

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The number of people who own private cars are on
the increase in China.
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2. ?????????????

• to make it clear to sb. that (L. 6)

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The immense influence of IT on our society makes
it clear that we are living in the Information
Age.
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3. ????

• to stand by ones principles (L. 8)

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It brings one trust and respect from others to
practice honesty and stand by his promises.
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4. ????????

• to have high moral standards (L. 9)

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The college life should be centered around
raising students academic and moral standards.
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5. ??????????? ???

• in private (L. 15)

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He is a gentleman of refinement in public but a
man of easy virtue in private.
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6. ???????/??????

• for discussion/political purposes (L. 30/32)

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A society, no matter how free and open it is,
never allows some people to commit all kinds of
outrages for evil purposes.
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7. ?????

• under investigation (L. 34)

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A full-scale judicial investigation is under way
into the intelligence work around this attack.
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8. ?????????

• for possible violations of business laws (L. 35)

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The Microsoft Corporation was charged with
violations of anti-monopoly laws.
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9. ???????

• to finance sb.s efforts to do sth. (L. 36)

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They are combining their efforts to work new
wonders in space technology.
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10. ????????

• to secure major construction contracts (L. 38)

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The proverb a fall into the pit, a gain in your
wit reminds you to secure yourself from a
repetition of the same mistakes.
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11. ? ????/????

• to put pressure/undue stress on... (L. 41)

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Putting undue stress on book knowledge will
weaken students enthusiasm for creative thinking.
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12. ?????/??

• to make donations/payments to sb. (L. 42)

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Our donations should be made to those (who are)
stuck in poverty but endowed with talents.
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13. ????

• to speed up the wheels/progress of (L. 44)

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The key to speeding up the wheels of educational
reform is to renew conceptions of education.
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14. ?????

• to hit upon/on the answer/solution (L. 46)

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He hit upon a strange idea that he could become
famous by climbing up Mount Everest.
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15. ???????

• to slip sth. into/within (L. 47)

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While in class, she slipped into his hand a piece
of paper on which she wrote, Lets meet at the
same place and not leave till we meet.
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16. ????

• to be included on this list (L. 55)

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You are either included on the list of the honest
officials or on the list of the corrupt
officials. There is no middle point.
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17. ??????

• to devise a code of rules (L. 56)

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A code of social morality is established in
accordance with the notions of right and wrong
conduct held by a society.
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18. ?????????

• to prohibit bribery in various forms/in all its
  forms (L. 3/56)

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The most pressing affair for us now is how to
prevent intellectual crime in all its forms.
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19. ?? ?? ????

• to amount to (L. 59)

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If a lady says to you Lets talk about it later
, that amounts to her refusal.
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20. ????????,???????

• to square ones interests with his moral
  conscience (L. 68)

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One who always squares his acts with his moral
conscience never fears midnight knocks at his
door.
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III. Expressions Patterns
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1. Typical patterns for sb.s reaction to sth.
?? Students taking business courses are
sometimes a little surprised to find that classes
on business ethics have been included in their
schedule. (L. 1)
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III. Expressions Patterns
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1. Sb. is a little (much / very) surprised
(distressed / delighted / disappointed / excited
/depressed ) to find / know / learn that ??
? ?(??)??? / ??/??/ ??/??/???
(???????)
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III. Expressions Patterns
??a. ????????????????????????????
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III. Expressions Patterns
??b. ?????????,???????????
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III. Expressions Patterns
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?? It is difficult to resist the impression that
bribery and other questionable payments are on
the increase. (L. 22)
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III. Expressions Patterns
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2. It is difficult (for one) to resist the
impression / notion / feeling / idea / opinion /
conclusion that ?????(??)?????/??/??/??/??

(???????)
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III. Expressions Patterns
?? ?????????????,???????????????,??????????
In a state flooded with political corruption, it
is difficult to resist the impression / feeling
that while money will do something, power will do
anything.
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III. Expressions Patterns
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2. Typical patterns for exemplification
?? To take just one example, the Chrysler
Corporation, third largest of the U.S. car
manufacturers, revealed that it made questionable
payments of more than 2.5 million between 1971
and 1976. (L. 25)
?????????????????????????,??1971?1976??????250???
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III. Expressions Patterns
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1. To take / cite just one example,
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(???????)
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III. Expressions Patterns
??a. ?????????????????????,????????
The brilliance of life is short. To take just one
example, the west wind blew across the garden
last night, scattering all over yellow flowers
like gold.
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III. Expressions Patterns
??b. ??????,?????????????,??????????????????????
?
Mother love is great and selfless. To cite just
one example, a thin and weak mother, as it was
reported, financed her child through college by
selling her blood.
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III. Expressions Patterns
????
?? An interesting example of this kind of
payment is provided by the story of a sales
manager who had been trying for some months to
sell road machinery to the Minister of Works of a
Caribbean country. (L. 44)
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?????
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III. Expressions Patterns
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2. An interesting / striking / typical example
of is provided by the story of sb. who
??????? ???/??/???????
(???????)
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III. Expressions Patterns
????????????????????????????????????????????????
???,????????????????????????????????????????
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III. Expressions Patterns
Knowledge seeking and romance hunting can not go
hand in hand. A striking example of the view is
provided by the story of my former desk-mate who,
once thought of as the most excellent student in
my class, began to steer his boat of promise into
the harbor of a girls love as early as when he
was still in the junior middle school. Now he is
drowning himself in deep-felt regret.
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Nowadays it is hard to deny the fact
that bribery and other questionable payments are
on the increase. Many international businessmen
find it difficult to _______ their own personal
____ of ethics (????). For instance, sometimes
during negotiations some government ministers
will let __ be known that a _________ bribe will
help _____ delays in procedure. It is easy to
talk about having high moral standards but, __
practice, what would one really do in such a
situation? In the __________ world of business
does a businessman pay or does he stick __ his
principles and ____ the
practice
code
it
avoid
significant
in
competitive
risk
to
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chance of facing multiple future difficulties? A
number of years ago a British motor producer was
willing to _____, in private, that if they were
not doing it ____ certainly somebody else would.
In many countries the ________ of bribery has
been a _______ course of conduct ___ hundreds of
years and in ______ it appears that the incidence
of giving bribes is __ the increase. Of course
bribery and other questionable practices come in
many ______ and forms and can be achieved __ a
variety of means _____________ overstated
commissions __ direct payments. 
state
then
practice
normal
for
others
on
shapes
ranging from
by
to
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V. Exercises
Comprehension
Vocabulary
Collocation
Word Building
Structure
Translation
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???? IV Ex. II, p. 153
II. Answer the following questions.
1. Why do students sometimes feel surprised when
they find business ethics are included in the
content of their business course?
Because they dont know how serious the problem
of bribery is.
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2. What will the manager of a company do if he
decides to give up his principles in a
negotiation with some government officials?
He will bribe the officials.
3. Why are practices such as paying agents and
purchasers an exaggerated commission, and
offering additional discounts described as
questionable?
Because these practices are likely to be morally
wrong and may be certain forms of bribery.
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4. What do you think may be the reason for more
than 300 U.S. companies admitting that they have
made questionable payments?
These companies may be required to reveal such
information by the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC), whose duty is to collect
certain information about enterprises so as to
protect investors.
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5. For what purpose did the company offer a large
sum of money in support of a U.S. presidential
candidate?
They wanted to avoid an unfavorable conclusion
drawn from the investigation of their possible
violations of U.S. business laws.
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6. What might a foreign company do if they want
to sell arms to a country?
They might make large payments to ruling families
or their close advisers, or make donations to
party bank accounts.
7. What does a copy with a preface mentioned in
Paragraph 7 refer to?
It refers to a rare edition of a book with
20,000 slipped within its page.
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8. What efforts has the International Chamber of
Commerce (ICC) made to prevent the giving and
seeking of bribes?
It favors a code of conduct and has proposed a
council for managing the code, which can
distinguish between commissions paid for real
services and exaggerated fees that really amount
to bribes.
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9. Has the ICC finally taken action to prohibit
bribery? Why or why not?
No. Because its members have different opinions
about the duties of the ICC.
10. Can you give some examples mentioned in the
text to show that industry is caught in a web of
bribery?
Yes, More than 300 U.S. companies, for example,
admitted that they had made questionable
payments.
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???? IV Ex. III, p. 153
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given
below. Change the form where necessary.
negotiation substantial deal square
donation procedural finance reject
commission withdraw impose secure
1. __________ numbers of people support the
reforms of economic system so as to get rid of
bribery.
Substantial
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negotiation substantial deal square
donation procedural finance reject
commission withdraw impose secure
2. The White House said there would be no
__________ change, so you must wait until you are
informed. 3. The U.S. trade representative Carla
Hills said We have demonstrated extraordinary
patience and are open to further __________ in
the 30 days before our decision becomes
effective.
procedural
negotiation
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negotiation substantial deal square
donation procedural finance reject
commission withdraw impose secure
4. We _______ his idea for a change in our
process of car manufacture, and decided to stick
to the old one instead. 5. The charge was
__________ because there was not enough evidence.
rejected
withdrawn
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negotiation substantial deal square
donation procedural finance reject
commission withdraw impose secure
6. The committee tried to separate ___________
paid for real services from exaggerated fees that
really amount to bribes. 7. The building project
will be ________ by the government and by public
donations.
commissions
financed
???
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negotiation substantial deal square
donation procedural finance reject
commission withdraw impose secure
8. That organization made substantial payments to
the party bank accounts to ______ arms sales
contract.
secure
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???? IV Ex. IV, p. 154
IV. Fill in each of the blanks in the following
sentences with a suitable preposition or adverb.

1. He continues to insist that all he wrote in the
   book is nothing but the truth, and that he will
   stand ___ his words.
2. Some of what we are talking about should be kept
   secret, thus it should be discussed __ private.

by
in
???
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3. President Bush was worried about the economic
consequences of accounting scandals at U.S.
corporations and he accused some corporate (???)
leaders __ not upholding their responsibility.
4. In recognition of donations __ the National
Museum, we will allow tax deduction of up to
twice the value of the donation.
of
to
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5. The country is speeding __ its strategic plan
to pump enormous amounts of money into various
communications projects in the hope of stepping
directly into the Information Age. 6. After
running through the numbers in every possible
combination, we finally hit _______ a solution.
up
on/upon
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7. Better informed political opinion can seek to
explain how this particular proposal squared ____
the government purposes. 8. One can imagine
combining two of these views, but __ practice
they have remained separate.
with
in
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???? IV Ex. V, p. 154
V. Look at the following sentence taken from your
reading passage. Just think about what other
words that can be modified by moral and fill in
the sentences with the right word.
e.g. It is easy to talk about having high moral
standards but, in practice, what would one really
do in such a situation?
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1. One method of obtaining at least a moral
   com________ is by an offer letter, signed by both
   parties.

commitment
2. He is doubtful about the moral va___ of
teaching the classics or serious contemporary
fiction and poetry whether the reading of these
things will improve people ethically.
value
3. What he says reflects moral re____ for having
violated a situation of trust, and it shows
concern that someone might have been hurt.
regret
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4. Here we can examine further some of the moral
impli______ of belief in the interrelation of
life in all its forms.
implications
5. Without the moral str_____ of the New Thinking
and New Concept it will fall back into the old
corruption (??).
strength
6. The moral oppo______ to boxing in the late
twentieth century has been weakened by the
popularity of the sports.
oppositions
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7. The scholars at the conference believed the
case to be merely another instance of the general
moral de_____ which was overtaking the world.
8. He has been respected by all because he is
also a man with a highly developed moral se___.
decline
sense
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???? IV Ex. VI, p. 155
VI. The prefix fore- can be added to nouns to
form new nouns with the meaning of in front of.
The prefix fore- can be also added to nouns and
verbs to form new nouns and verbs with the
meaning of before, in advance of in rank or
time. For example
fore- arm forearm
fore- head forehead
fore- part forepart
fore- tell foretell
fore- father forefather
???
???
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The prefix post- can be added to nouns and
adjectives to form new nouns and adjectives with
the meaning of after. For example
post- war postwar
post- modern post-modern
Now study the meaning of the following words and
then complete the sentences with some of these
words.
???
???
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forecast foreground postgraduate
foreleg foresee post-election
foresight post-race forethought
forewarn post-liberation post-Christmas
1. Shed had the ___________________ to sell her
house just before house prices came down. 2.
There was no one left in the village. They had
obviously been __________ about the raid.
foresight/forethought
forewarned
???
???
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forecast foreground postgraduate
foreleg foresee post-election
foresight post-race forethought
forewarn post-liberation post-Christmas
3. Celebrated the world over for his writing, he
still refused to put himself in the __________.
4. He went to Oxford as a ___________ to study
criminology for his doctors degree.
foreground
postgraduate
???
???
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forecast foreground postgraduate
foreleg foresee post-election
foresight post-race forethought
forewarn post-liberation post-Christmas
post-race
5. There was an instant ________ reaction when
the result of the match was announced. 6. She
_______ the troubles ahead and took steps to
avoid them.
foresaw
???
???
94
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forecast foreground postgraduate
foreleg foresee post-election
foresight post-race forethought
forewarn post-liberation post-Christmas
7. To get people buying, many stores are running
their usual sales offering discounts as high as
50 percent, hoping that shoppers dont repeat
past habits by waiting for ______________
bargains. 8. Public confidence in the economic
recovery has fallen dramatically, according to a
___________ survey.
post-Christmas
post-election
???
???
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???? IV Ex. VII, p. 156
VII. The prefix e- can be added to nouns to form
new nouns with the meaning of electronic. For
example
e- mail e-mail
e- learning e-learning
e- data e-data
Now study the meaning of the words given below
and then complete the following sentences with
them.
???
???
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e-commerce e-shopper e-print e-learning
e-cash e-journal e-mail e-merchant
e-dictionary e-dictionary e-classroom e-classroom
1. By all means, I encourage you to shop online.
The Internet offers tremendous selections, prices
and convenience. Just dont let the stars get in
your eyes. Play it safe and youll be a happy,
safe _________ for years to come.
e-shopper
???
???
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e-commerce e-shopper e-print e-learning
e-cash e-journal e-mail e-merchant
e-dictionary e-dictionary e-classroom e-classroom
2. First, if youre going to shop online, shop
with a reputable firm. If you find a new
__________ that seems appealing, take a few
minutes to do some research. 3. You can download
these papers from the ________ System and they
are free of charge.
e-merchant
e-journal
???
???
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e-commerce e-shopper e-print e-learning
e-cash e-journal e-mail e-merchant
e-dictionary e-dictionary e-classroom e-classroom
4. While regular schools still exist, the
__________ plays an important role in todays
learning community. 5. The term ___________,
the shorthand reference to transactions on the
Internet, is exciting. But it may end up as the
most significant part of the tax puzzle.
e-classroom
e-commerce
???
???
99
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e-commerce e-shopper e-print e-learning
e-cash e-journal e-mail e-merchant
e-dictionary e-dictionary e-classroom e-classroom
6. Many people have had to abandon their ______
accounts, as they are angry with trash junk
mail. 7. Some websites provide some ____________
and you can look up the meaning of these new
words in them.
e-mail
e-dictionaries
???
???
100
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e-commerce e-shopper e-print e-learning
e-cash e-journal e-mail e-merchant
e-dictionary e-dictionary e-classroom e-classroom
8. Smart cards and ______ could make up half of
the 7.3 billion online sales expected by 2000,
figures market researcher Jupiter Communications
Inc.
e-cash
???
???
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???? IV Ex. VIII, p. 157
VIII. When the subject of a sentence is an
infinitive or a that-clause, it is not common to
put it at the beginning. Sentences like To be
with you is nice are possible, but uncommon. More
often, we begin the sentence with it and put the
real subject later. The sentence pattern is It
is adjective to do/that-clause. This kind of
structure can express many different ideas, such
as importance, difficulty, possibility,
usefulness, normality, frequency and emotional
reactions. Now change the following sentences
with the pattern discussed.
???
???
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e.g. It is easy to talk about having high moral
standards but, in practice, what would one really
do in such a situation?
1. To go there next Monday is pointless theres
a public holiday.
Its pointless to go there next Monday theres
a public holiday.
2. That well be late is probable.
It is probable that well be late.
???
???
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3. To see different cultures and ways of life is
interesting.
It is interesting to see different cultures and
ways of life.
4. That she refuses to talk to you is really
astonishing.
It is really astonishing that she refuses to talk
to you.
???
???
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5. That she comes straight to me when she arrives
is important.
It is important that she comes straight to me
when she arrives.
???
???
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???? IV Ex. IX, p. 157
IX. Suppose is a verb but it can also be used
as a conjunction. As a conjunction, suppose is
followed by a clause, used in the sense of what
would/will happen if.... Please have a look at
the model sentence from Passage A. Then write
your own sentences with suppose.
???
???
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Model Suppose that during a negotiation with
some government officials, the Minister of Trade
makes it clear to you that if you offer him a
substantial bribe, you will find it much easier
to get an import license for your goods, and you
are also likely to avoid procedural delays, as
he puts it.
???
???
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• What would you do?
• Condition objecting to carrying out a
  particular management order, being afraid of the
  manager

Suppose you object to carrying out a particular
management order and you are afraid of the
manager, what would you do?
???
???
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2. How would you explain it to your newly married
wife? Condition having just got married and
being employed for three years to work abroad
Suppose you have just got married and you are
employed for three years to work abroad, how
would you explain it to your newly married wife?
???
???
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3. Would you decide to remove any doubts?
Condition not understanding why not to arrest
Harry
Suppose someone couldnt understand why you
didnt arrest Harry, would you decide to remove
the doubts?
???
???
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4. Is it fair that you would throw him out?
Condition your tenant (??) failing to pay the
rent by accident
Suppose by accident your tenant fails to pay the
rent, is it fair that you would throw him out?
???
???
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5. Where could you get the help? Condition
a very heavy smoker, anxious to break the habit
Suppose you are a very heavy smoker and you are
anxious to break the habit, where could you get
the help?
???
???
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???? IV Ex. X, p. 157
X. Translate the following into English.
1. ?????????????????????????
to stand by
to be on the increase
in various forms
We would not stand by and let bribery in various
forms be on the increase.
???
???
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2. ?????????????????????,?????????,??????????
to make it clear to you
to be accused of taking bribes
the substantial sum of money
While lending you the substantial sum of money, I
made it clear to you that if you couldnt pay it
off in time, you might be accused of taking
bribes.
???
???
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3. ?????????????????,????????????????,??????????
competition of financial power
to be under investigation
a fact of political life
Competition of financial power has become a fact
of political life but if you receive
questionable political contributions for this
reason, you will soon be under investigation.
???
???
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4. ???????????,??????????????????
to secure major arms deal contracts
to make a substantial donation to
the party in power
To secure major arms deal contracts, they have
made a substantial donation to the bank account
of the party in power.
???
???
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5. ??????????????????,??????????????
to hit upon
opinions differ among
He hit upon a good method to speed up the
progress of the experiment, but opinions differed
among members of the group on it.
???
???
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6. ???????,??????????
to be not ready to do
to act on (the law)
to enforce (the law)
Its difficult to enforce the new law because
people are not ready to act on it.
???
???
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7. ????,?????????????????,???????????????????
to enforce ceasefire
to restore law and order
We think its the business of the United Nations
troops to enforce a ceasefire in that area, while
the job of the local government is to prepare to
restore law and order.
???
???
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8. ????????,?????????????????
to make this decision
in support of womans rights
Having made this decision, she joined the
organization, which is in support of womans
rights.
???
???
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???? IV Ex. XI, p. 158
XI. Translate the following into Chinese.
1. They often do not realize that bribery in
various forms is on the increase in many
countries and, in some, has been a way of life
for centuries.
?????????????,????????????????????,???????????????
?
???
???
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2. Now, the question is do you pay up or stand
by your principles?
?????????????,???????
???
???
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3. It is difficult to resist the impression that
bribery and other questionable payments are on
the increase. Indeed, they seem to have become a
fact of commercial life.
????????????????????????????,??????????????
???
???
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4. By announcing this, it joined more than 300
other U.S. companies that had admitted to the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that they
had made payments of one kind or another
bribes, extra discounts, etc. in recent years.
???????,????????300????????,??????????????????????
????,???????????
???
???
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5. Other countries have also been known to put
pressure on foreign companies to make donations
to party bank accounts.
??????????,???????,??????????????
???
???
125
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6. The second category covers payments made to
obtain quicker official approval of some project,
to speed up the wheels of government.
???????????????????????????????
???
???
126
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7. This code would try to distinguish between
commissions paid for real services and
exaggerated fees that really amount to bribes.
?????????????????????????????????
???
???
127
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8. In a well-known British newspaper, a writer
argued recently that industry is caught in a web
of bribery and that everyone is on the take.
??????????,???????? ??????????,??? ?????
???
128
?. Writing
How to Tackle a Problem in Some Area of Life
1. ????????
2. ???????????
(??????)
129
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????(??????)
1) Here we are, almost nine out of ten by
recent count, confronted with/caught in/ involved
in a, some of us and some of us 2) Some of
us, some, some... 3) The problem has come to a
point where adequate steps must be taken/adopted
to
(???????)
???
???
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4) One step, to my knowledge, is 5) A
growing body of evidence has proved that... 6)
Glad/Sad to say, 7) Another step is 8) To take
just one example, 9) In the long run, this will
certainly
(???????)
???
???
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10) And the bottom line in our steps is to
11) To achieve this/make it, a code of needs to
be devised for so as to... 12) In this
light/case,
(???????)
???
???
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How to Recover Ethics in Business
1) ????????????? 2)?????????????
???
???
133
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How to Recover Ethics in Business
1) Here we are, almost nine out of ten by
recent count, involved in a crisis of business
ethics, some of us reaping profit from it and
most of us suffering from it. 2) Some of the
victims deeply caught in chain debts, some
greatly distressed at the loss of every cent
invested, some trapped so much as to be
indifferent to it. 3) The problem has come to a
point where effective steps must be taken to
recover/restore ethics in business.
???
???
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4) One step, to my knowledge, is to
separate business from politics. 5) A growing
body of evidence has proved that any intimacy
between both leads to corruption of officials and
floods of fake goods, thereby constituting a big
obstacle to recovery of ethics. 6) Glad to say,
our Party has prohibited officials from holding
any post in business. 7) Another step is to
uproot the regional protectionism. 8) To take
just one example, such protective net has thrown
the present building market into a state of the
good being mixed with the bad. 9) In the long
run, this will certainly bring ruin upon our
efforts in the right direction.
???
???
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10) And the bottom line in our steps is to
cultivate an acute sense of fairness and honesty
in business. 11) To achieve this, a code of rules
needs to be devised for business circles so as to
prevent dishonesty in all its forms. 12) In this
light, any businessperson who takes unfair
advantage of his/her customers or competitors
will lose any chance of making money and even
lose his/her shirt in the end.
THE END
???
136
??
137
??
Para. 2    ??????????????,???????????????????,???
??????????,????????? ?????? ??????????????,????
???
138
??
Para. 3a ????????????,????????????????????
????,????????????????????,??????????,?????????????
?????????????????????????(??)
139
??
Para. 3b (?)?????????????,??????????,?????????????
???,?????????,??????????????10??????????????????
,?????????????,???????
140
??
Para. 4a  ????????????????????????????,?????
??????????????????????????????????,??1971?1976???
???250?????????(??)
141
??
Para. 4b  (?)???????,????????300????????,?????????
?????????????????,??????????????????,?????????????
?
142
??
Para. 5 ?????????????????????????????
??,????????????????????????,????????????????????
????,????????????????????????
143
??
Para. 6 ????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????,????????????????
??? 100?????????????????????????????????????????
,???????,??????????????
144
??
Para. 7a ???????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????? (??)
145
??
Para. 7b(?)????????????,??????????,?????????,?????
???????????,????????????? ?????????????,?????
???,??????????????! ??,????????
146
??
Para. 8 ???????????????????????????????????
????????????????
147
??
Para. 9 ??????????????????????????
????(ICC)??????????????? ?????????????????????????
???????? ???????????????????
148
??
Para. 10 ????,?????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????,?????????
149
??
Para. 11 ??????????,????????
??????????,??? ??????????????????,????????????
???????????????,???????????