Report on Plant Protection in Sudan

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Report on Plant Protection in Sudan

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Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Knowledge
Sharing in Plant Protection between the Near
East Countries, 2-4 Dec. 2012, Cairo, Egypt

• Mohamed Ahmed Abdelmoti
• Plant Protection Directorate
• SUDAN

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Introduction

• Sudan is a country endowed with rich natural
  resources which include
• Abundant fertile agriculture lands of which the
  utilized is estimated to reach 20 of 84 million
  ha.
• Animal wealth estimated to be about 120 million
  cattle, sheep, goats and camels.
• Abundant Water Resources from Rainfall,
  (1trillion mm). Rivers (20.55 billion cubic
  meters), Underground water (16 billion cubic
  meters) and Seasonal streams (57 Billion cubic
  meters).
• Marina and freshwater fisheries resources,
  Minerals, game animal reserves and high tourist
  resort attraction potentials.

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Introduction

• Sudan is also endowed with climatic diversities
  which could enable it to produce agricultural
  products such as cereals, oilseeds, fibers, sugar
  and horticultural crops almost through all
  seasons of the year.
• The geographical location of Sudan and its
  proximity to the major Gulf countries and
  European markets coupled with its access to the
  sea is a hugely important opportunity which if
  prudently exploited could be of immense
  comparative advantage to boost the growth of
  agriculture and the economy.

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Introduction

• Sudan is a very big country (1882000km2)
  surrounded by eight countries. Egypt, Libya,
  Chad, Central Africa, South Sudan, Ethiopia,
  Eritrea and Saudi Arabia, accordingly, too many
  entry points are scattered on this very long
  border.
• Population 33.4 million Peoples, Growing at the
  rate of 2.46, Rapid Urbanization, Youth
  Population.
• Federal System 15 States.

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Separation
Sudan
Sudan
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Egypt
Libya
Saudi Arabia
Chad
Eretria
Sudan
Central Africa
Ethiopia
South Sudan
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Farming Systems
A Irrigated Farming Area 1.9 million ha Main
Crops Cotton, Sorghum, Groundnuts, Wheat, Fruits
Vegetables, Rice, Maze Fodder. B Rain fed
Mechanized land Farming Area 7.9 million
ha. Main Crops Sorghum, Sesame, Sunflower,
Cotton. C Rain fed Traditional Farming Area
7.6 million ha. Main Crops Sorghum, Millet,
Sesame, Gum Arabic and Groundnut.
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Economic Performance

• Average growth rate of 6 of GDP (2011 est.)
• Agriculture provides 44 of GDP, with average
  growth rate of 4.5 (2011 est.)
• Agricultural exports account for 80 of the total
  export excluding crude oil.
• Food security indicators has improved.
• Strategic Reserved Food was built.

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Plant Protection Directorate Organisation chart
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Mandate of the Plant Protection Directorate

• The Directorate is mandated mainly to survey and
  control both national and local pests including
  migratory pests such as locusts, birds, dura
  andat miceetc. Moreover it manages and
  supervises the plant quarantine stations all over
  the country, and approves imported chemicals.
  Together with States protection departments all
  efforts are integrated to combat plant pests and
  diseases.

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Objectives of the Plant Protection Directorate

• Planning, execution and follow up of national
  migratory pests control such as desert locust,
  harmful birds, dura andat and water hyacinth.
• Monitoring and Evaluation of pests control
  operations in the States.
• Provision of pesticides for the control of
  national and local pests and supervising aerial
  and ground sprayings.
• Implementation of legislative law for pest's
  infestation.
• Implementation of Phytosanitary legislations to
  safeguard export and import plant commodities
  from pests and diseases.

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• Implementation of pesticides and pest's control
  products legislation.
• Cooperation and coordination with different
  international and regional organizations and
  institutions in all activities of plant
  protection.
• Carry out applied field research on chemical and
  biological pesticides.
• Provision of integrated services to small-scale
  farmers.
• Documentation of information and statistics of
  pests in Sudan.
• Training of the technical staff for capacity
  building.

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The PPD consists of 5 administrative bodies

• Pests Control Department
• Responsible for technical supervision of pest's
  situation including survey and control of pests
  in coordination with the operations
  administration.
• Plant Quarantine Department
• Supervision of all Phytosanitary procedures of
  exports and imports of plant materials at all
  entry ports of the Sudan and between the States
  (Interstate Quarantine).
• Pesticides Department
• Secretary of the National Pesticides Council as
  the registration body. Its responsibility extends
  to pesticides specifications, inspection and safe
  use of pesticides.
• Operations Department
• Executes all control operations and responsible
  for the financial and administrative aspects in
  PPD.
• Aquatic Terrestrial Weeds Department
• Survey and control the aquatic weeds and prevent
  its spread North of Jebel Awlia dam. The
  administration also surveys and controls weeds.

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(No Transcript)
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Major pests and diseases

• Major Pests are locusts (desert locust, tree
  locust, and migratory locust), Quelea birds, dura
  andat (dura bug), mice, green pit scale insect
  and fruit flies.
• Control programmes are carried out through
  regular campaigns for surveying and controlling
  these pests in the specific seasons of occurrence
  of each pest.

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Major pests and diseases
Dura andat
Green scale
Quelea birds
Desert Locust
Fruit fly
Water hyacinth
Rodents
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Campaigns Programmes
Activity Period
Survey control desert locust Jan-Dec
Tree locust Jul-Oct
Migratory locust Jul-Oct
Other grasshopers Jul-Oct
Dura bug Jan-Jun
Rodents (mice) Jan-Jun
Quelea birds Jul-Nov
Local birds Jul-Nov
Survey control green scale Jan-May
Fruit flies Apr-Sep
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Success stories in pest management

• A National campaign for controlling fruit flies
  in Mango and Citruses started in 2008 succeeding
  a workshop held in August 2008, recommended using
  (IPM), agricultural practices (cleaning,
  pruningetc.), nutrient and pheromone traps and
  insecticide baits.
• Following the program of IPM control recommended
  by this workshop brought back the good reputation
  of mango export after an acute recession in the
  previous years.

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Successful biological control program

• Biological Control of Water hyacinth (Eichhornia
  crassipes) using two weevil insects Neochetina
  eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi.
• Water hyacinth is a highly invasive species and
  has a tendency to cover and choke major waterways
  and lake surfaces, which can have numerous
  detrimental ecological, biological diversity,
  fisheries, hydroelectric, transportation, and
  economic results.

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Control of WH was first carried out by applying
the herbicide (2-4, D)
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In 1979 biological control of WH was applied by
introducing these two weevil insects Neochetina
eichhorniae Neochetina bruchi
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• The adults produce characteristic feeding scars
  on the leaves and petioles.
• In the larval stage, the insect tunnels into the
  petioles and the crown of the plant. This feeding
  results in biotic stress, reduced flowers and
  seeds, and less vigorous growth.

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Plant Quarantine Services

• The plant quarantine services are considered to
  be the first defense line in management and
  control of agricultural pests.
• It prevents the entry and establishment of new
  pests beside its role in prevention of the
  spread of pests within the country towards where
  they are not known to be found (Internal
  quarantine) and thus creating pest free areas to
  enhance and promote agricultural exports.
• This Plant Quarantine Department is composed of
  the following sections

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Sections of the Plant Quarantine Dept.
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Plant Quarantine Regulations

• The history of plant Quarantine in the Sudan
  started from the year 1911 when plant diseases
  act was drafted and became in force in 1913.
• The act prohibit the introduction of pests and,
  diseases to the country through importation of
  plants, plant parts or plant products, and also
  established inspection, and treatment of imported
  and exported crops so as to be free from pests
  and diseases to compete in the international
  markets.

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• Other regulations and acts has also become in
  force, such as-
• Cotton act (1926) to prevent the spread of cotton
  pests.
• Water hyacinth act (1960) which prohibit the
  spread of the weed from infested areas to clean
  areas.
• Pesticide act (1974/amended 1994) which regulate
  pesticides handling, registration, and safe use
  of pesticides.
• Plant protection bill (2001) drafted with the
  help of the FAO legal consultant, revised for the
  year 2004 and 2011, awaiting to be ratified by
  the Parliament .

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Plant Quarantine Services

• To achieve these goals and objectives, the
  necessary legislations that control this process
  are set out and executed through as well
  organized collaboration and cooperation with the
  Customs Department.
• Starting from the year 1990 a lot of changes and
  modernization took place in plant quarantine
  operations, so as to comply with the IPPC since
  Sudan has become a member of the convention.

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• But the major changes occurred in the year 2001
  due to the assistance of the FAO by executing a
  T.C.P SUD.06 Strengthening the phytosanitary
  measures in Sudan by training staff, providing
  laboratory equipments, drafting the plant
  protection bill, and certificates and inspection
  procedure.

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Handicaps for Plant quarantine (constraints)

• It is very difficult to inspect and intercept all
  items crossing this long boarder.
• Smuggling across this boarder may create pathways
  for pests and diseases.
• Passengers coming or leaving do not declare
  plants or plant products carried with them.
• Lack of specific Lab equipment for detecting
  viruses and genetically modified plants.
• Lack of equipments for post-entry quarantine
  areas.

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Proposal for improvement

• Developing capacities, institutions and systems
  for strengthening agricultural statistics to
  build a proper data base of reliable information.
  
• Extensive training in plant quarantine
  procedures, Pest Risk Analysis (staff may have
  good information about it but in fact no
  practical implementation).
• Exchange of visits for plant Quarantine officers
  between the Near East Countries so this will give
  good practice and knowledge.